Is Per Capita Real GDP Stationary in the OECD Countries? Evidence from a Panel Unit Root Test

This paper examines the stationarity of real GDP per capita for 27 OECD countries during the period 1950 to 2004. Using ADF unit root test on single time series, it is found that real GDP per capita series of most OECD countries have unit root. This outcome, however, might be due to the generally low power of this test. The aim of this paper is to reconsider this issue by exploiting the extra information provided by the combination of the time-series and cross-sectional data and the subsequent power advantages of panel data unit root tests. We apply the test advocated by Im, Pesaran and Shin (1997). The results overwhelmingly indicate that real GDP per capita series among OECD countries are nonstationary.Real GDP per capita, Stationary, Panel Unit root tests, OECD

Foreign Direct Investment and Growth: An Empiricial Investigation Based on Cross-Country Comparison

This paper investigates empirically the impact of FDI on economic growth of Turkey and Pakistan over the period of 1975-2004. To analyse the causal relationship between FDI and economic growth, the Engle-Granger cointegration and Granger causality tests are used. It is found that these two variables are cointegrated for both countries studied. Our empirical findings suggest that it is GDP that causes FDI in the case of Pakistan, while there is strong evidence of a bi-directional causality between the two variables for Turkey.Economic growth, foreign direct investment, Granger causality

Behavioral aspects of religiosity in finance : a brief survey on conventional versus Islamic finance

Religious beliefs are accepted to be one of the main motivations for financial actions. The economic theory fails to provide an adequate foundation to study the link between religiosity and economic behavior. A number of empirical studies discusses the role of religion on the financial behavior of economic agents yet more research needs to be conducted. This study provides a brief review on how religiosity might affect financial behavior by the inclusion of recent studies. In addition to the empirical research that is based on European countries, we discuss the differences in different geographies and finance schemes. We also debate the potential factors that affect differing behavioral aspects with respect to religiosity

Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Turkey: Cointegration and Causality Analysis

This paper examines the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth for Turkey during 1971–2006. We employed two multivariate models, namely demand model and production model, based on vector error correction model. Then, we tested Granger causality after finding cointegration among variables for the both models. The results indicate that energy consumption and economic growth are cointegrated and there is bidirectional causality running from energy consumption to economic growth and vice versa. This means that an increase in energy consumption directly affects economic growth and that economic growth also stimulates further energy consumption. Consequently, we conclude that energy is a limiting factor to economic growth in Turkey and, hence, shocks to energy supply will have a negative impact on economic growth and vice versa.Energy consumption, Economic growth, Causality, Cointegration, Turkey

Learning in multiple communities from the perspective of knowledge capital

In a learning system, multiple communities represent a networked structure of learning experiences. Individuals belong to multiple communities connected though complex relationships consisting of people, resources, rituals, and ties. Learning occurs as individuals traverse this network from one community to the next. This paper explores the question of how learning occurs in compound communities from the perspective of knowledge capital, that is, the communities’ collective knowledge, skill, and perspective, as well as relationships and connections among members. Through interviews conducted with postgraduate students belonging to multiple communities, we identified issues related to conflict between communities, closed-congregation communities, privacy, and reputation. The results have implications concerning social and structural aspects of learning and instructional design in multiple communities

Financial crisis, macroprudential policies, and depositor discipline

This paper examines to what extent macroprudential policies in the Turkish banking sector affected the functioning of depositor discipline. Our results suggest that depositors’ responses for poor bank performance get stronger after the 2008 crisis, when various macroprudential measures were implemented to preserve financial stability. In the aftermath of the crisis, bank behavior toward depositors also alters. Ahead of the crisis, banks did not significantly respond to the discipline exerted by depositors, however, banks begin offering higher rates to curb deposit withdrawals afterwards. Our findings suggest that the implementation of macroprudential tools seem to have a positive impact on financial stability, since, in the post-2008 period, regulatory supervision have been more firmly assisted by the market

Devaluation and trade balance in Latin American countries

The aim of this paper is to examine effectiveness of devaluation on the trade balance in four countries: Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Peru. We use the Johansen-Juselius cointegration test and impulse response function to estimate the long-run and shortrun effects of devaluation on the trade balance. The estimated results suggest that depreciation improve the trade balance in the long run for the case of Argentina and Peru, and in the short-run there has been J-curve in Argentina and Peru. In addition, the cointegration is found among the four variables (trade balance, domestic income, foreign incomes and real exchange rate) in the case of Argentina and Peru. The results also indicate that there is no cointegration relationship between these variables for Brazil and Mexico. The conclusion of the paper is that the evidence of the J-curve pattern was found for Argentina and Peru only

Devalvacija i trgovačka bilanca u zemljama Latinske Amerike

The aim of this paper is to examine effectiveness of devaluation on the trade balance in four countries: Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Peru. We use the Johansen-Juselius cointegration test and impulse response function to estimate the long-run and shortrun effects of devaluation on the trade balance. The estimated results suggest that depreciation improve the trade balance in the long run for the case of Argentina and Peru, and in the short-run there has been J-curve in Argentina and Peru. In addition, the cointegration is found among the four variables (trade balance, domestic income, foreign incomes and real exchange rate) in the case of Argentina and Peru. The results also indicate that there is no cointegration relationship between these variables for Brazil and Mexico. The conclusion of the paper is that the evidence of the J-curve pattern was found for Argentina and Peru only.Cilj ovoga rada je ispitati djelotvornost devalvacije na trgovačku bilancu u četiri zemlje: Argentini, Brazilu, Meksiku i Peruu. Primijenjen je Johansen-Juselius kointegracijski test i funkcija spontane reakcije da bi se procijenili dugoročni i kratkoročni učinci devalvacije na trgovačku bilancu. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da deprecijacija, dugoročno, poboljšava trgovačku bilancu u slučaju Argentine i Perua, te da je u istim zemljama, kratkoročno prisutna J – krivulja. Nadalje, postoji kointegracija četiriju varijabli (trgovačke bilance, domaćeg prihoda, stranih prihoda i stvarnog intervalutnog tečaja) u slučaju Argentine i Perua. Rezultati također pokazuju da u slučaju Brazila i Meksika nema kointegracijskog odnosa ovih varijabli. Stoga se u ovom radu zaključuje da je dokaz o J-krivulji prisutan samo u Argentini i Peruu

Foreign Direct Investment and Growth: An Empiricial Investigation Based on Cross-Country Comparison

This paper investigates empirically the impact of FDI on economic growth of Turkey and Pakistan over the period of 1975-2004. To analyse the causal relationship between FDI and economic growth, the Engle-Granger cointegration and Granger causality tests are used. It is found that these two variables are cointegrated for both countries studied. Our empirical findings suggest that it is GDP that causes FDI in the case of Pakistan, while there is strong evidence of a bi-directional causality between the two variables for Turkey