Sir epidemic and predator - prey models of fractional-order

Recently, many deterministic mathematical models such as ordinary differential equations have been extended to fractional models, which are transformed using fractional differential equations. It was believed that these fractional models are more realistic to represent the daily life phenomena. The main focus of this report is to extend the model of a predator-prey and the SIR epidemic models to fractional model. More specifically, the fractional predator-prey model which depend on the availability of a biotic resources was discussed. On the other hand, fractional SIR epidemic model with sub-optimal immunity, nonlinear incidence and saturated recovery rate was also discussed. The fractional ordinary differential equations were defined in the sense of the Caputo derivative. Stability analysis of the equilibrium points of the models for the fractional models were analyzed. Furthermore, the Hopf bifurcation analysis of each model was investigated . The result obtained showed that the model undergo Hopf bifurcation for some values. Throughout the project, the Adams-type predictor-corrector method to obtain the numerical solutions of the fractional models was applied. All computations were done by using mathematical software, Maple 18

Chemical and Phase Characterization of Snail Shell (Archachatina Marginata) as Bio-Waste from South-West in Nigeria for Industrial Applications

This paper aimed at characterizing waste snail shells found in South-West, Nigeria for potential industrial applications. Snail shells which represent the bio-shell waste of snails' remnants from restaurants, eateries or snail sellers constitute a serious degree of environmental threat with little or no economic value; their effective utilization can bring immense economic prosperity. Snail shells were obtained from two selected region of South-Western part of Nigeria. The obtained snail sells were thoroughly washed to remove adhered dirt and later dried in an electric powered oven at 110oC for 6h. The dried shells were then crushed and further pulverized to obtain powder snail shells (SSp) and labeled samples SSpA and SSpB respectively. The chemical composition of the samples was determined by Energy dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX) while the phase constituent was analyzed using X-ray diffractometer. The results showed that SSpA consist mainly calcium (Ca) 83.38% while sample SSpB contains higher calcium (Ca) content of 85.04%. However, X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicate predominant phase of calcite for the samples. This indicates that the snail shell powder is suitable for industrial applications such as filler in paper and ceramic industry. Keywords: Snail shell; chemical composition; phase constituent; calcite phase. DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-6-03 Publication date:July 31st 202

CFD modelling of mono-component and binary gas-solid fluidized beds with application to industrial materials

Fluidized bed technology is employed in a wide range of industrial applications, covering the pharmaceutical, food, chemical and petrochemical industries as well as the mining and power generation industries. However in most industrial applications of fluidization, the suspension consists of non-spherical particles of different diameters and sometimes-different densities. Computational Fluid Dynamics modelling has been recognized by several in academia and industry as an indepensible tool to study multiphase systems including fluidization. CFD models that describe gas solid flow systems can be formulated at different levels of mathematical detail. The use of the Eulerian-Eulerian approach has been considered as the highest possible level of continuum modelling where both the fluid and particle phase are treated as interpenetrating continua and mass and momentum conservation equations are solved for each phase. The Eulerian-Eulerian approach has been successfully used by many researchers for tackling problems relating to the modelling of gas-solid fluidized beds coupled with using the kinetic theory of granular flow for the description of the solid phase as derived from the kinetic theory of gases. However, most of the CFD investigations carried out to date have been limited to the study of the fluidization behaviour of mono-component gas-solid systems of modelling type materials (e.g. Ballotini). The aim of this thesis is to address the computational modelling of mono-component and binary gas-solid fluidized beds with particular focus placed on industrial materials. This work, sponsored by Huntsman Tioxide, is concerned with the titanium refining industry where a bubbling fluidized bed is used for extracting titanium from naturally occurring ore. The refining process begins in a fluidized bed with the chlorination of titanium rich rutile ore which is composed of many constituents. Due to the size and density differences of all the feedstock components used in the process, there are industrial concerns about the pervasiveness of dead zones within the fluidized bed as a result of feed stock segregation. Thus, the objective of the work is to develop a model capable of predicting the degree of mixing and segregation in the fluid bed system. To this end, the following powders, slag, natural and synthetic rutile, belonging to the Geldart Group B classification and used as feedstock in the Huntsman Tioxide chlorination process, were provided for the experimental and computational investigations in this project. This work presents a new hydrodynamic model for the CFD simulations of the mono-component and binary industrial materials using a commercial code (CFX4.4). The modelling development allowed the assessment of suitable governing equations for the description of the internal stress relevant to the solid phase(s), the fluid-particle and particle-particle interphase exchange terms. For the mono-component systems, a new expression for the fluid-particle interaction term has been developed based on the fluid bed elasticity concept originally proposed by Wallis (1969). Consequently, the procedure followed to obtain a stability criterion was re-examined analytically and subsequently numerical simulations were performed to validate the ability of the model to predict the fluidization behavior of the materials investigated. As part of the development, a comparison was conducted between the model proposed in this thesis and the granular kinetic theory model in order to assess the impact of the collisional stresses on the numerical predictions. The new modelling approach was subsequently extended to the modelling of binary systems using the three fluid approach, where a separate momentum equation is solved for the fluid and each solid phase. This part of the study also assessed the effect of the particle- particle drag force on the dynamics of the binary system by comparing three different closures available in literature and catering for this contribution against a reference test case where such contribution was not accounted for. Similar to the approach followed for the mono-component systems, a sensitivity analysis on the effect of the collisional stress on the simulations of the binary systems was also performed. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis on grid and time step resolution was also carried out. Results of these analyses enabled the qualitative and quantitative numerical investigation into the mixing and segregation behaviour of the binary mixture of the industrial materials provided for this project. In this investigation, three different average compositions, corresponding to the average mass fraction of jetsam particles of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 in the bed were considered, so that the hydrodynamic behavior of three binary mixtures in all was studied. In addition, a new fluid-particle interaction force closure for well mixed binary systems based on the two-fluid approach, where mixture continuity and momentum equations are employed in the description of the solid phases, was also derived and corresponding CFD simulations are carried out to assess the reliability of the derived mixture models

Education for Sustainable Development: Pre-Service Teachers’ Knowledge and Understanding

The professional development of teachers in Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) has been identified as ‘the priority of priorities.’ But unfortunately, in some developing countries like Nigeria, teacher education is seen as a key strategy that is yet to be effectively utilized to embed education for sustainable development in school system. Sustainable development is one of the greatest challenges of 21st century for all disciplines and over the past three decades there has been redevelopment of curriculum in many of the developed nations in the world consistent with the ideology of “education for sustainable development”. This study investigates pre-service teachers’ knowledge and understanding of education for sustainable development in Nigeria. The study also compares the understanding of those in science discipline with their counterparts in other disciplines as in arts and social sciences. Results revealed lack of adequate knowledge of ESD and variation in terms of understanding based on pre-service teachers’ area of discipline. It is therefore recommended among others that ESD should be properly integrated into all existing teacher education programmes in order to reorient teacher education to address sustainability.Group C: Teacher Professional Developmen

An analysis of the arguments and counter arguments on the language of delivery of Khutbatul-Jumu‘ah (Friday sermon) in the Muslim world

Friday sermon is seen as a veritable medium employed by Friday Imam to address various issues affecting Muslims and their communities on weekly basis. Observance of Friday prayer attracts large number of Muslim worshippers who listen to sermon that precedes the prayer. However, there have been arguments and counter arguments on the view of some Muslim jurists that Arabic language should be the appropriate language of the delivery of the Friday sermon. Adopting analytical method, the paper aims at examining the divergent opinions of the Muslims’ jurists on the language of Friday sermon. The finding of this study reveals that there are arguments and counter arguments on the language of delivery of Friday sermon due to the fact that there is no Quran verse or authentic hadith that specifically makes delivery of Friday sermon in Arabic compulsory. The finding also shows that Khutbatul- Jumu‘ah (Friday sermon) cannot be equated with Salat (ritual prayer) and for the Friday sermon to have positive impact on the life of the congregation, Friday Imam is expected to deliver his sermon in the language understood by the majority of the congregation

Security and Peace Mechanisms for Good Governance in Nigeria: Islamic Paradigm Shifts

Security and peace are interwoven and inseparable. One cannot be achieved without the other. Security is a corollary to peace. The factors which bring about peace contribute to the establishment of security in a society. Scholars of diverse disciplines including the International Relations and Security Studies have analysed security and peace from different perspectives. The fact still remains that the world at present is still battling with series of conflicts and insecurity. In Nigeria, governments at all levels have intensified efforts to address issues bordering on insecurity with a view to building security and peace for good governance. It is however, disheartening that despite various security measures put in place to tackle the problem, Nigeria is yet to be free from recurrent cases of armed robbery attacks, kidnappings, bombings, hired assassinations, ethnic and religious clashes, etc. Examining the issue of security and peace from another angle, this paper discussed the Islamic perspective of security and peace. It identified the Islamic mechanisms for achieving peace and security during the golden period of Islam particularly during the lifetimes of Prophet Muhammad and his faithful companions. Bearing in mind Nigeria’s multi-religious situation, the paper offered recommendations with a view to utilizing the Islamic security and peace mechanisms for good governance.Keywords: Peace, Security, Social Justice, Religious Tolerance, Good Governanc

A CFD Study into the Influence of the Particle Particle Drag Force on the Dynamics of Binary Gas Solid Fluidized Beds

This paper presents a preliminary CFD study into the effect of the particle-particle interphase mo- mentum transfer term on the mixing and bubble dynamics of a binary gas solid fluidized consisting of particles which only differ in size. A new fluid dynamic model, implemented within a commercial CFD code, CFX4.4, is used to model the binary mixture. The governing fluid dynamic relationships for the solid phases and the fluid phase are based on “the elastic force” concept from the Particle Bed Model (1, 2). The solids pressure for each of the particulate phases is not taken into consideration in this model, however solid phase compaction for the each of the particulate phases is controlled via a numerical scheme supporting experimental validation of the computational results is also presented herein. The computational strategy employed in this work involved the use of two case studies, where one case study was carried out without the implementation of the particle-particle drag force. Results from the CFD simulations in agreement with the experimental results, initially showed an increase in bubble diameter at increasing bed height however the trend discontinued higher up in the bed, with the simulation in which particle particle drag force was negelected giving the the poorest agreement

Women and the Freedom of Reinterpreting the Holy Text: A Study of Sisters in Islam and Their Reinterpretation of Qur’anic Verses and Hadith on Marital Issues

This article discusses the reinterpretation effort of the Muslim feminist movement in Malaysia, Sisters in Islam (SIS,). The article looks at the effort of the group in reinterpreting some verses of the Qur’an and hadiths on the issue of women in marital relationship which in their view had been misinterpreted by Muslim male exegetes. Using the textual analysis method, the article examines some of the works written and commissioned by the association and its authors on this issue. In four sections, the article explores four works of the association on the following issues, namely (i) Are Muslim men allowed to beat their wives?, (ii) Guardianship law and Muslim women, (iii) hadith on women in marriage, and (iv) Islam and family planning or Muslim women’s reproductive rights. While the first and second parts discuss the issue of wife beating and guardianship law and Muslim women, the third and fourth parts examine hadith on women in marriage and Islam and family planning. Through its analysis of these works, the article concludes on the note that these works were mostly influenced by the works of Muslim feminist scholars such as Amina Wadud and Fatima Mernissi and as such contain controversial reinterpretations of the verses of the Qur’an and hadiths

Interface between Religion and Culture: A Critical Study of the Infiltration of Yoruba Tradition on the Practice of Title-Holding Among Egba Muslims of Ogun State, Nigeria

Title-holding is an age long practice before the penetration of Islam in Egbaland an area predominantly inhabited by the Yoruba speaking people of Ogun State Nigeria The acceptance of Islam by the Egbas reformed to a large extent the socio-religious and cultural lives of the people The Yoruba traditional systems of marriage naming and burial rites were among others influenced and reformed by Islam However a good number of the Egbas like other Yoruba tribes which profess Islam still retain some of their cultural beliefs and traditions Consequently there was an infiltration of Yoruba tradition and culture on certain Islamic practices and rites such as marriage naming and funeral rites Such infiltration can also be noticed in title-holding among the people This paper therefore critically appraises the fusion of the Yoruba traditional elements to the Islamic practice of the title-holding among Egba Muslims The paper adopts the historical approach establishing the institutionalization of titleholding in Islam It then x-rays the practice of title-holding among the people The paper then considers the similarities between the Muslim titles and the traditional titles patterned along the traditional set up among the four sections of the people Realizing the fact that title-holding has become a firmly rooted institution among the Egba Muslims the paper offers a number of recommendations for the restructure of the institution for better administration of the people and further development of Islam in Egbaland in particular and Yorubaland in genera