Household wealth, indebtedness, and economic growth in early modern England

notes: Preprint to be published in Economic History Review; submitted following guidelines outlined in SHERPA/RoMEO.publication-status: In preparationEstimates of wealth are presented as recorded by over 18,000 probate inventory totals in five English counties for the two centuries after 1550. Real household wealth grew, almost without interruption, from the turn of the seventeenth century onwards. Using data from a sample of complete inventories for Cornwall and Kent, and inventories, accounts and wills for one Kent parish, total inventory wealth is related to material wealth, net wealth, indebtedness and real estate. Inventory totals reflect these other measures of wealth and so the implications of these trends for rates of economic growth and changes in income inequality are considered

English economic growth, 1270-1700

We provide annual estimates of GDP for England over the period 1270-1700, constructed from the output side. The GDP data are combined with population estimates to calculate GDP per capita. Sectoral price data and estimates of nominal GDP are also provided. We find per capita income growth of 0.20 per cent per annum, although growth was episodic, with the strongest growth after the Black Death and in the second half of the seventeenth century. Living standards in the late medieval period were well above “bare bones subsistence”, although levels of kilocalorie consumption per head were modest because of the very large share of pastoral production in agriculture

British economic growth : 1270 - 1870

We provide annual estimates of GDP for England between 1270 and 1700 and for Great Britain between 1700 and 1870, constructed from the output side. The GDP data are combined with population estimates to calculate GDP per capita. We find English per capita income growth of 0.20 per cent per annum between 1270 and 1700, although growth was episodic, with the strongest growth during the Black Death crisis of the fourteenth century and in the second half of the seventeenth century. For the period 1700-1870, we find British per capita income growth of 0.48 per cent, broadly in line with the widely accepted Crafts/Harley estimates. This modest trend growth in per capita income since 1270 suggests that, working back from the present, living standards in the late medieval period were well above “bare bones subsistence”. This can be reconciled with modest levels of kilocalorie consumption per head because of the very large share of pastoral production in agriculture

Light-Assisted Collisions and Quantum State Tomography of Single-Atom Motion in Optical Tweezers

This thesis presents experiments with single ${}^{87}\text{Rb}$~atoms trapped in arrays of tightly confining optical tweezers. Optical tweezer arrays are a pioneering new platform for studying ultracold atomic physics and quantum computation. I begin by presenting our recent work in the preparation of large atom arrays and the quantum motional control of single atoms. Then, I present a new optical tweezer loading technique and our studies of the processes by which single atoms can be loaded near-deterministically into the microtraps. These processes depend sensitively on the long-range molecular physics of pairs of atoms, so I additionally discuss our theoretical calculations of the molecular potential landscapes relevant for such collisions. Finally, I present our all-mechanical time-of-flight-based quantum tomography of atoms in carefully prepared excited motional states of the optical tweezers

Engelsk landbrugshistorie før 1850. En historiografisk oversigt over den nuværende forskningssituation

Bruce Campbell (f. 1949), professor i middelalderens økonomiske historie ved School of Modern History,  The Queen’s University of Belfast.Mark Overton (f. 1950), professor i økonomisk og social historie ved Department of History, University of Exeter. De giver en systematisk oversigt over udviklingen af landbrugshistorie i England og konkluderer:”Skønt meget er opnået, resterer der endnu mere, som bør gøres, ikke mindst med hensyn til at sætte disse engelske udviklinger ind i en videre komparativ europæisk kontekst – et arbejde, som knap er indledt.

Exposure of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium to High Level Biocide Challenge Can Select Multidrug Resistant Mutants in a Single Step

Biocides are crucial to the prevention of infection by bacteria, particularly with the global emergence of multiply antibiotic resistant strains of many species. Concern has been raised regarding the potential for biocide exposure to select for antibiotic resistance due to common mechanisms of resistance, notably efflux.Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium was challenged with 4 biocides of differing modes of action at both low and recommended-use concentration. Flow cytometry was used to investigate the physiological state of the cells after biocide challenge. After 5 hours exposure to biocide, live cells were sorted by FACS and recovered. Cells recovered after an exposure to low concentrations of biocide had antibiotic resistance profiles similar to wild-type cells. Live cells were recovered after exposure to two of the biocides at in-use concentration for 5 hours. These cells were multi-drug resistant and accumulation assays demonstrated an efflux phenotype of these mutants. Gene expression analysis showed that the AcrEF multidrug efflux pump was de-repressed in mutants isolated from high-levels of biocide.These data show that a single exposure to the working concentration of certain biocides can select for mutant Salmonella with efflux mediated multidrug resistance and that flow cytometry is a sensitive tool for identifying biocide tolerant mutants. The propensity for biocides to select for MDR mutants varies and this should be a consideration when designing new biocidal formulations

Non-pathogenic Escherichia coli biofilms: effects of growth conditions and surface properties on structure and curli gene expression

Biofilm formation is a harmful phenomenon in many areas, such as in industry and clinically, but offers advantages in the field of biocatalysis for the generation of robust biocatalytic platforms. In this work, we optimised growth conditions for the production of Escherichia coli biofilms by three strains (PHL644, a K-12 derivative with enhanced expression of the adhesin curli; the commercially-used strain BL21; and the probiotic Nissle 1917) on a variety of surfaces (plastics, stainless steel and PTFE). E. coli PHL644 and PTFE were chosen as optimal strain and substratum, respectively, and conditions (including medium, temperature, and glucose concentration) for biofilm growth were determined. Finally, the impact of these growth conditions on expression of the curli genes was determined using flow cytometry for planktonic and sedimented cells. We reveal new insights into the formation of biofilms and expression of curli in E. coli K-12 in response to environmental conditions

Evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using analytical methods, toxicology, and risk assessment research: seafood safety after a petroleum spill as an example.

BackgroundPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are abundant and widespread environmental chemicals. They are produced naturally and through man-made processes, and they are common in organic media, including petroleum. Several PAHs are toxic, and a subset exhibit carcinogenic activity. PAHs represent a range of chemical structures based on two or more benzene rings and, depending on their source, can exhibit a variety of side modifications resulting from oxygenation, nitrogenation, and alkylation.ObjectivesHere we discuss the increasing ability of contemporary analytical methods to distinguish not only different chemical structures among PAHs but also their concentrations in environmental media. Using seafood contamination following the Deepwater Horizon accident as an example, we identify issues that are emerging in the PAH risk assessment process because of increasing analytical sensitivity for individual PAHs, and we describe the paucity of toxicological literature for many of these compounds.DiscussionPAHs, including the large variety of chemically modified or substituted PAHs, are naturally occurring and may constitute health risks if human populations are exposed to hazardous levels. However, toxicity evaluations have not kept pace with modern analytic methods and their increased ability to detect substituted PAHs. Therefore, although it is possible to measure these compounds in seafood and other media, we do not have sufficient information on the potential toxicity of these compounds to incorporate them into human health risk assessments and characterizations.ConclusionsFuture research efforts should strategically attempt to fill this toxicological knowledge gap so human health risk assessments of PAHs in environmental media or food can be better determined. This is especially important in the aftermath of petroleum spills

Drought forecasting isn\u27t just about water- to get smart we need health and financial data too

The Millennium Drought taught Australians many lessons about living under extremely dry conditions – not just about how to conserve water, but also about human suffering. In a drought, farmers find it more difficult to make an income, leading to mental health problems and raising the rate of male suicides. In the city, the impact is felt through water restrictions and more expensive infrastructure. With very dry conditions returning to Tasmania, central Queensland and western Victoria, are we better prepared for the next big drought? This is an issue not just for Australia, but across the world, from California, to England, to the Levant region in the eastern Mediterranean, which from 1998-2012 experienced its worst drought in 900 years