Mitä yritykset kertovat osaamisen kehittämisestä vastuullisuusraportissa? : Vertailussa kuuden kansainvälisen yrityksen vuosikertomukset

Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää, mitä yritykset kertovat osaamisen kehittämisestä vuosikertomuksen vastuullisuusraportissa. Yritysvastuu ja osaamisen kehittäminen työuran aikana ovat molemmat aiheina ajankohtaisia yhteiskunnallisessa keskustelussa, ja uutta tietoa tarvitaan teemojen monitulkintaisuuden vuoksi. Tarkastelun kohteena on sekä yritysten oman henkilöstön että sidosryhmien osaamisen kehittäminen. Tutkimuksen aineistona on kuuden kansainvälisen yrityksen vuosikertomukset vuodelta 2018, jotka e.com valitsi ReportWatch-arvioinnissa parhaiksi globaalissa tarkastelussa. Tarkastellut yritykset (AzkoNobel, Cloetta, SCA, Stora Enso, Trelleborg ja Volvo) käyttävät Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) -standardia raporttinsa ohjenuorana. Huomion kohteena on standardin teema Sosiaalinen vastuu (GRI 400) ja siinä keskitytään koulutusten näkökohtaan Training and education (GRI 404), mutta tarkastellaan myös tätä standardia laajemmin yritysten osaamisen kehittämisen raportointia. Tutkimuksen tieteenfilosofisena lähtökohtana on kriittinen realismi ja sisällönanalyysissä hyödynnetään abduktiivista lähestymistapaa. Tutkimusote on laadullinen ja tutkimusmenetelmänä sisällönanalyysi. Analyysissä hyödynnetään kriittisen diskurssianalyysin elementtejä. Tutkimuksen tuloksena vastuullisuusraporteista löytyy kolme osaamisen kehittämisen raportoinnin diskurssia: 1) Odotusten hallinta ja vastuullisuus. 2) Tulevaisuuden rakentaminen. 3) Sosiaalinen vastuu ja yhteinen arvonluonti. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoitus on syventää ymmärrystä siitä, miten yritykset määrittävät ja rajaavat vastuullisuusraportoinnissaan osaamisen kehittämisen. Yritykset kertovat siitä osaamisen kehittämisestä, jota sidosryhmät ja lainsäädäntö edellyttävät. Tutkimus osoittaa myös, että raportointia toteutetaan usein tarkoitushakuisesti maineenhallinnan lähtökohdista käsin. Tutkimustulos haastaa yrityksiä arvioimaan painotuksia, missä määrin osaamisen kehittämisen raportointia voidaan hyödyntää yrityksen strategisen liiketoiminnan kehittämisen ja vielä edessä olevien tavoitteiden retoriikkaan

Pain Alleviation in Laboratory Animals Methods commonly used for perioperative pain-relief

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Observing animals and humans : dogs target their gaze to the biological information in natural scenes

Background. This study examines how dogs observe images of natural scenes containing living creatures (wild animals, dogs and humans) recorded with eye gaze tracking. Because dogs have had limited exposure to wild animals in their lives, we also consider the natural novelty of the wild animal images for the dogs. Methods. The eye gaze of dogs was recorded while they viewed natural images containing dogs, humans, and wild animals. Three categories of images were used: naturalistic landscape images containing single humans or animals, full body images containing a single human or an animal, and full body images containing a pair of humans or animals. The gazing behavior of two dog populations, family and kennel dogs, were compared. Results. As a main effect, dogs gazed at living creatures (object areas) longer than the background areas of the images; heads longer than bodies; heads longer than background areas; and bodies longer than background areas. Dogs gazed less at the object areas vs. the background in landscape images than in the other image categories. Both dog groups also gazed wild animal heads longer than human or dog heads in the images. When viewing single animal and human images, family dogs focused their gaze very prominently on the head areas, but in images containing a pair of animals or humans, they gazed more at the body than the head areas. In kennel dogs, the difference in gazing times of the head and body areas within single or paired images failed to reach significance. Discussion. Dogs focused their gaze on living creatures in all image categories, also detecting them in the natural landscape images. Generally, they also gazed at the biologically informative areas of the images, such as the head, which supports the importance of the head/face area for dogs in obtaining social information. The natural novelty of the species represented in the images as well as the image category affected the gazing behavior of dogs. Furthermore, differences in the gazing strategy between family and kennel dogs was obtained, suggesting an influence of different social living environments and life experiences.Peer reviewe

Adverse reactions of α2-adrenoceptor agonists in cats reported in 2003-2013 in Finland

Peer reviewe

Activation of complement system in kidney after ketoprofen-induced kidney injury in sheep

Peer reviewe

Human Empathy, Personality and Experience Affect the Emotion Ratings of Dog and Human Facial Expressions

Facial expressions are important for humans in communicating emotions to the conspecifics and enhancing interpersonal understanding. Many muscles producing facial expressions in humans are also found in domestic dogs, but little is known about how humans perceive dog facial expressions, and which psychological factors influence people's perceptions. Here, we asked 34 observers to rate the valence, arousal, and the six basic emotions (happiness, sadness, surprise, disgust, fear, and anger/aggressiveness) from images of human and dog faces with Pleasant, Neutral and Threatening expressions. We investigated how the subjects' personality (the Big Five Inventory), empathy (Interpersonal Reactivity Index) and experience of dog behavior affect the ratings of dog and human faces. Ratings of both species followed similar general patterns: human subjects classified dog facial expressions from pleasant to threatening very similarly to human facial expressions. Subjects with higher emotional empathy evaluated Threatening faces of both species as more negative in valence and higher in anger/aggressiveness. More empathetic subjects also rated the happiness of Pleasant humans but not dogs higher, and they were quicker in their valence judgments of Pleasant human, Threatening human and Threatening dog faces. Experience with dogs correlated positively with ratings of Pleasant and Neutral dog faces. Personality also had a minor effect on the ratings of Pleasant and Neutral faces in both species. The results imply that humans perceive human and dog facial expression in a similar manner, and the perception of both species is influenced by psychological factors of the evaluators. Especially empathy affects both the speed and intensity of rating dogs' emotional facial expressions.Peer reviewe

Cardiovascular effects of dobutamine, norepinephrine and phenylephrine in isoflurane-anaesthetized dogs administered dexmedetomidine–vatinoxan

Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s)Objective: To determine whether dobutamine, norepinephrine or phenylephrine infusions alleviate hypotension in isoflurane-anaesthetized dogs administered dexmedetomidine with vatinoxan. Study design: Balanced, randomized crossover trial. Animals: A total of eight healthy Beagle dogs. Methods: Each dog was anaesthetized with isoflurane (end-tidal isoflurane 1.3%) and five treatments: dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (2.5 μg kg–1) bolus followed by 0.9% saline infusion (DEX-S); dexmedetomidine and vatinoxan hydrochloride (100 μg kg–1) bolus followed by an infusion of 0.9% saline (DEX-VAT-S), dobutamine (DEX-VAT-D), norepinephrine (DEX-VAT-N) or phenylephrine (DEX-VAT-P). The dexmedetomidine and vatinoxan boluses were administered at baseline (T0) and the treatment infusion was started after 15 minutes (T15) if mean arterial pressure (MAP) was < 90 mmHg. The treatment infusion rate was adjusted every 5 minutes as required. Systemic haemodynamics were recorded at T0 and 10 (T10) and 45 (T45) minutes. A repeated measures analysis of covariance model was used. Results: Most dogs had a MAP < 70 mmHg at T0 before treatment. Treatments DEX-S and DEX-VAT all significantly increased MAP at T10, but systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) was significantly higher and cardiac index (CI) lower after DEX-S than after DEX-VAT. CI did not significantly differ between DEX-S and DEX-VAT-S at T45, while SVRI remained higher with DEX-S. Normotension was achieved by all vasoactive infusions in every dog, whereas MAP was below baseline with DEX-VAT-S, and higher than baseline with DEX-S at T45. Median infusion rates were 3.75, 0.25 and 0.5 μg kg–1 minute–1 for dobutamine, norepinephrine and phenylephrine, respectively. Dobutamine and norepinephrine increased CI (mean ± standard deviation, 3.35 ± 0.70 and 3.97 ± 1.24 L minute–1 m–2, respectively) and decreased SVRI, whereas phenylephrine had the opposite effect (CI 2.13 ± 0.45 L minute–1 m–2). Conclusions and clinical relevance: Hypotension in isoflurane-anaesthetized dogs administered dexmedetomidine and vatinoxan can be treated with either dobutamine or norepinephrine.Peer reviewe