The Right to Freely Have Sex? Beyond Biology: Reproductive Rights and Sexual Self-Determination

Part I will briefly set out how sexual rights are approached in the national legal arena. The way the U.S. Supreme Court treats reproductive rights provides a good example as it has some analogies with the treatment of reproductive rights under international human rights law; the Court focuses primarily on the biological aspects of sexuality and has been reluctant to acknowledge rights that fall within the realm of sexual self-determination. This case study is followed in Part II by an analysis of to what extent the treaty bodies of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (“ICCPR”), International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (“ICESCR”) and Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (“CEDAW”) consider women’s sexuality in connection with the reproductive rights found in the respective treaties and to what degree these comments extend beyond the realm of reproductive health. I will then proceed with an evaluation of the need for a more extensive interpretation or an adjusted definition of reproductive rights in Part III

La migration féminine dans la ville de Kayes au Mali

Au Mali, la migration n’est plus seulement l’apanage des hommes. Les femmes maliennes également tentées par l’aventure, seules ou aux côtés de leur mari, vont à destination d’autres régions du Mali ou vers l’étranger. Malgré la variété de leur profil, des motifs de départ et des activités exercées en zone d’accueil, en prenant la décision de migrer, elles répondent à une stratégie collective et, à l’instar des hommes, vont à la recherche de ressources matérielles dont une partie est destinée à leur famille restée au pays. Des données statistiques recueillies dans la ville de Kayes précisent les déterminants de cette migration féminine

Inactivation combined with cell lysis of Pseudomonas putida using a low pressure carbon dioxide microbubble technology

BACKGROUND Inactivation processes can be classified into non-thermal inactivation methods such as ethylene oxide and γ-radiation, and thermal methods such as autoclaving. The ability of carbon dioxide enriched microbubbles to inactivate Pseudomonas putida suspended in physiological saline, as a non-thermal sterilisation method, was investigated in this study with many operational advantages over both traditional thermal and non-thermal sterilisation methods. RESULTS Introducing carbon dioxide enriched microbubbles can achieve ∼2-Log reduction in the bacterial population after 90 min of treatment, addition of ethanol to the inactivation solution further enhanced the inactivation process to achieve 3, 2.5 and 3.5-Log reduction for 2%, 5% and 10 %( v/v) ethanol, respectively. A range of morphological changes was observed on Pseudomonas cells after each treatment, and these changes extended from changing cell shape from rod shape to coccus shape to severe lesions and cell death. Pseudomonas putida KT 2440 was used as a model of gram-negative bacteria. CONCLUSION Using CO2 enriched microbubbles technology has many advantages such as efficient energy consumption (no heat source), avoidance of toxic and corrosive reagents, and in situ treatment. In addition, many findings from this study could apply to other gram-negative bacteria

Louis Holberg, dramaturge et voyageur

Le Bourg-Oulé Anne-Marie. Louis Holberg, dramaturge et voyageur. In: Littératures 20,1973. pp. 27-42

Holberg / Molière

Le Bourg-Oulé Anne-Marie. Holberg / Molière. In: Littératures, numéro sépcial 1,1979. Mélanges offerts à Monsieur le Professeur André Monchoux. pp. 155-163

The Unique Jurisdiction of the African Court on Human and People\u27s Rights: Protection of Human Rights Beyond the African Charter

The African Court on Human and Peoples¿ Rights (the Court) is explicitly mandated to consider violations under any relevant human rights instruments as ratified by the concern Member States under Article 3 of the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples¿ Rights on the Establishment of an African Court on Humans and Peoples¿ Rights (the Protocol). This Article summarizes the legal mandate given to the Court by the Protocol, provides an overview of the Court¿s case law as it relates to the interpretation of this mandate, argues that the Court does not yet have a consistent approach on matters of jurisdiction, and explores routes the Court could take in this regard

The Unique Jurisdiction of the African Court on Human and People\u27s Rights: Protection of Human Rights Beyond the African Charter

The African Court on Human and Peoples¿ Rights (the Court) is explicitly mandated to consider violations under any relevant human rights instruments as ratified by the concern Member States under Article 3 of the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples¿ Rights on the Establishment of an African Court on Humans and Peoples¿ Rights (the Protocol). This Article summarizes the legal mandate given to the Court by the Protocol, provides an overview of the Court¿s case law as it relates to the interpretation of this mandate, argues that the Court does not yet have a consistent approach on matters of jurisdiction, and explores routes the Court could take in this regard