THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TYPUS MELANCHOLICUS AND UNIPOLAR DEPRESSION: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Background: The Typus Melancholicus (TM) is the premorbid personality of endogenous depression defined by Tellenbach and Kraus and characterized by orderliness, conscientiousness, norm orientation and intolerance of ambiguity. Tellenbach’s hypothesis was to find around 50% of TM in the sample of patients with an Unipolar Depression (UD). The present paper aims to make a literature review on the relationship between the Typus Melancholicus (TM) and Unipolar Depression (UD). Methods: Nineteen references were selected through searches on PubMed, Google Scholar and Sciences-Direct with the following MeSH terms in the title: Typus Melancholicus AND Depressive or Depression or Dépression or Depressione. Nine of them were selected for our review. Results: Eight of the nine reviewed articles confirm Tellenbach’s hypothesis. The literature review also shows that, in a population of UD, TM is always constant regardless of age or sex, has no relationship to clinical characteristics and could contribute to the chronicity of depression. The TM with depression have increased levels of “lack of vital drive” and “feelings of guilt” and low scores in irritability and dysphoria compared to Non-Typus Melancholicus (NTM). Due to its characteristics, TM could also be involved in some pathologies such as burnout or postpartum depression. TM does not seem to be linked to a particular Personality Disorder or maladaptive personality, but the two may coexist in certain circumstances. It has been suggested that specific psychotherapeutic methods can be used to treat TM with UD. Conclusions: The TM could be very useful in our clinical practice. Better practical knowledge of TM could lead to more efficient psychiatric care as well as heightened capacity to predict new episodes

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TYPUS MELANCHOLICUS AND UNIPOLAR DEPRESSION: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Background: The Typus Melancholicus (TM) is the premorbid personality of endogenous depression defined by Tellenbach and Kraus and characterized by orderliness, conscientiousness, norm orientation and intolerance of ambiguity. Tellenbach’s hypothesis was to find around 50% of TM in the sample of patients with an Unipolar Depression (UD). The present paper aims to make a literature review on the relationship between the Typus Melancholicus (TM) and Unipolar Depression (UD). Methods: Nineteen references were selected through searches on PubMed, Google Scholar and Sciences-Direct with the following MeSH terms in the title: Typus Melancholicus AND Depressive or Depression or Dépression or Depressione. Nine of them were selected for our review. Results: Eight of the nine reviewed articles confirm Tellenbach’s hypothesis. The literature review also shows that, in a population of UD, TM is always constant regardless of age or sex, has no relationship to clinical characteristics and could contribute to the chronicity of depression. The TM with depression have increased levels of “lack of vital drive” and “feelings of guilt” and low scores in irritability and dysphoria compared to Non-Typus Melancholicus (NTM). Due to its characteristics, TM could also be involved in some pathologies such as burnout or postpartum depression. TM does not seem to be linked to a particular Personality Disorder or maladaptive personality, but the two may coexist in certain circumstances. It has been suggested that specific psychotherapeutic methods can be used to treat TM with UD. Conclusions: The TM could be very useful in our clinical practice. Better practical knowledge of TM could lead to more efficient psychiatric care as well as heightened capacity to predict new episodes

Innovative 3D hydrosedimentary modelling of migrating inlets

Hydrodynamic

MODELES STRUCTURAUX ET FONTIONNELS DU SITE ACTIF DES HYDROGENASES [NIFE] : DE NOUVEAUX CATALYSEURS BIO-INSPIRES POUR LA PRODUCTION D'HYDROGENE

Hydrogenase enzymes reversibly catalyse the oxidation and production of hydrogen in a range close to the thermodynamic potential. The [NiFe] hydrogenase active site contains an iron-cyano-carbonyl moiety linked to a nickel atom which is in an all sulphur environment. Both the active site originality and the potential development of an hydrogen economy make the synthesis of functional and structural models worthy.To take up this challenge, we have synthesised mononuclear ruthenium models and more importantly, nickel-ruthenium complexes, mimicking some structural features of the [NiFe] hydrogenase active site. Ruthenium is indeed isoelectronic to iron and some of its complexes are well-known to bear hydrides. The compounds described in this study have been well characterised and their activity in proton reduction has been successfully tested. Most of them are able to catalyse this reaction though their electrocatalytic potentials remain much more negative compared to which of platinum. The studied parameters point out the importance of the complexes electron richness, especially of the nickel environment. Furthermore, the proton reduction activity is stable for several hours at good rates. The ruthenium environment seems important for this stability. Altogether, these compounds represent the very first catalytically active [NiFe] hydrogenase models.Important additional results of this study are the synergetic behaviour of the two metals in protons reduction and the evidence of a protonation step as the limitating step of the catalytic cycle. We have also shown that a basic site close to ruthenium improves the electrocatalytic potential of the complexes.Les hydrogénases sont des protéines capables de catalyser efficacement la production et l'oxydation du dihydrogène à des potentiels proches de l'équilibre thermodynamique. Le site actif des hydrogénases [NiFe] possède un motif fer-cyano-carbonyle ainsi qu'un atome de nickel en environnement soufré. L'originalité de la structure de ce site actif ainsi que les applications potentielles dans le cadre d'une économie de l'hydrogène rendent la synthèse de modèles structuraux et fonctionnels très importante. Dans cette perspective, nous avons préparé des modèles mononucléaires de ruthénium et des complexes nickel-ruthénium, inspirés de ce site actif. Les composés décrits dans ces travaux ont été bien caractérisés et leur activité en réduction des protons a été testée. La plupart se sont montrés capables de catalyser cette réaction même si les potentiels d'électrocatalyse restent trop négatifs par rapport à celui du platine. Il s'agit des premiers modèles fonctionnels catalytiques des hydrogénases [NiFe]. Les différents paramètres étudiés ont permis de mettre en évidence l'importance de la richesse en électrons des composés et plus particulièrement du nickel afin d'améliorer les potentiels d'électrocatalyse. D'autre part, la stabilité de l'activité sur plusieurs heures est assez bonne. L'environnement du ruthénium semble important pour cette stabilité.Les résultats les plus importants de ces travaux sont que les deux métaux ont un effet synergique en réduction des protons et que l'étape limitante du cycle catalytique est une protonation. Nous avons aussi illustré l'importance d'une base adjacente au métal qui améliore le potentiel d'électrocatalyse

Le rire de Crébillon

Une des rares anecdotes relatives au jeune Claude Crébillon éclaire son caractère et notre propos : c’est Louis Sébastien Mercier qui la donne dans le Tableau de Paris en 1788 :Il regardait la tragédie française comme la farce la plus complète qu’ait pu inventer l’esprit humain. Il riait aux larmes de certaines productions théâtrales, et du public qui ne voyait dans tous les rois de la tragédie française que le roi de Versailles. Le rôle du capitaine des gardes, tantôt traître, tantôt fidèle..

Introduction. Modernist Revolutions: American Poetry and the Paradigm of the New

‘Literature is news that STAYS news’Ezra Pound, ABC of Reading, 1934 By bringing together such critical touchstones as Modernism, Revolution(s), and the New, this issue seeks to draw attention to one of the foundational mirages of the modernist experience, that of a clear-cut, definitive, history-bound Modernist revolution. Rather than engage in yet another attempt to pin down an ultimate definition or to settle the debate regarding the blurry timeframe of early, high, late (let alone post-) ..

O efeito de real

A partir do que chama de efeito de real na arte ocidental, o autor apresenta uma análise do sistema figurativo da pintura européia, do Renascimento até o século XX, na tentativa de evidenciar como esse sistema não só pôs em prática, mas também aperfeiçou o dispositivo de inscrição do sujeito (o espectador) na representação. Pretende por aí propor um modelo de crítica artística que se possa estender às produções cinematográficas

An approach to design smart grids and their IT system by cosimulation

International audienceSmart grids are the oncoming generation of power grids, which rely on information and communication technologies to tackle decentralized and intermittent energy sources such as wind farms and photovoltaic plants. They integrate electronics, software information processing and telecommunications technical domains. Therefore the design of smart grids is complex because of the various technical domains and modeling tools at stake. In this article, we present an approach to their design, which relies on model driven engineering, executable models and FMI based cosimulation. This approach is illustrated on the use case of an insular power grid and allows to study the impact of power production decision