Etude de la qualité organoleptique de trois variétés de mangues Amélie, Lippens, Brooks séchées au cours du stockage par technique de brunissement enzymatique des peroxydases (POD) et des polyphénoloxydases (PPO)

Trente échantillons de mangues séchées de variétés Amélie, Brooks, Lippens ont été collectés pour des analyses physicochimiques visant à comprendre les conditions d’apparition du brunissement enzymatique. Ces analyses ont montré que les fortes teneurs en matière sèche, en acidité titrable, en vitamine C et en substrats phénoliques étaient respectivement 95,86 ± 0,01 mg/g ; 1,56 ± 3,60 équivalent d’acide citrique/g ; 205.77 ± 56.71 mg/g et 54.78×10-3 ± 5,06 mg/g pour la variété Amélie. La concentration la plus élevée en sucres totaux était de 51,08 ± 2.59 mg/g pour la variété Lippens. Les activités les plus élevées en polyphénoloxydase et en peroxydase étaient respectivement de 19.75×10-3 ± 0.01 et 52. 62× 10-3 ± 2.64 pour la variété Amélie. Les peroxydases et polyphénoloxydases ainsi que leurs substrats phénoliques sont les principaux agents responsables du processus de brunissement enzymatique. Le niveau des dégâts causés au cours du stockage sur la qualité du produit fini est fonction de la concentration en substrat phénolique oxydé.Mots clés: Mangues séchées- Brunissement enzymatique-Peroxydases PolyphenoloxydasesEnglish Title: Study of the organoleptic quality of three varieties of dried mangos : Amélie, Lippens and Brooks during storage by enzymatic tanning technique of peroxidases (POD) and the polyphenoloxydases (PPO)English AbstractThirty dried mango samples of Amélie, Brooks and Lippens varieties were collected for physico-chemical analyses to understanding the conditions of appearance of the enzymatic browning. These analyses showed that the higher contents of dry matter, assayable acidity, vitamin C and phenolic substrates were respectively 95,86 ± 0.01 mg/g; 1.56 ± 3.60 equivalent of acid citrique/g; 205.77 ± 56.71 mg/g and 54.78 × 10-3 ± 5.06 mg/g for the Amélie variety. The higher total sugar concentration was of 51.08 ± 2.59 mg/g for the Lippens variety. The highest activities in polyphenoloxydase and peroxidase were respectively of 19.75 × 10-3 ± 0.01 and 52. 62 × 10-3 ± 2.64 for the Amélie variety. Peroxidases and polyphenoloxydases as their phenolic substrates are the principal agents responsible for the process of tanning enzymatic. The level of the damage caused during storage on the quality of the finished product is a function of the oxidized phenolic substrate concentration.Keywords: Dried mango- Enzymatic tanning-Peroxidase -Polyphenoloxydas

HRP2 and pLDH-Based Rapid Diagnostic Tests, Expert Microscopy, and PCR for Detection of Malaria Infection during Pregnancy and at Delivery in Areas of Varied Transmission: A Prospective Cohort Study in Burkina Faso and Uganda.

BACKGROUND: Intermittent screening and treatment (IST) of malaria during pregnancy has been proposed as an alternative to intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp), where IPTp is failing due to drug resistance. However, the antenatal parasitaemias are frequently very low, and the most appropriate screening test for IST has not been defined. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We conducted a multi-center prospective study of 990 HIV-uninfected women attending ANC in two different malaria transmission settings at Tororo District Hospital, eastern Uganda and Colsama Health Center in western Burkina Faso. Women were enrolled in the study in the second or third trimester of pregnancy and followed to delivery, generating 2,597 blood samples for analysis. Screening tests included rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) targeting histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2) and parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) and microscopy, compared to nPCR as a reference standard. At enrolment, the proportion of pregnant women who were positive for P. falciparum by HRP2/pan pLDH RDT, Pf pLDH/pan pLDH RDT, microscopy and PCR was 38%, 29%, 36% and 44% in Uganda and 21%, 16%, 15% and 35% in Burkina Faso, respectively. All test positivity rates declined during follow-up. In comparison to PCR, the sensitivity of the HRP2/pan pLDH RDT, Pf pLDH/pan pLDH RDT and microscopy was 75.7%, 60.1% and 69.7% in Uganda, 55.8%, 42.6% and 55.8% in Burkina Faso respectively for all antenatal visits. Specificity was greater than 96% for all three tests. Comparison of accuracy using generalized estimating equation revealed that the HRP2- detecting RDT was the most accurate test in both settings. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The study suggests that HRP2-based RDTs are the most appropriate point-of-care test currently available for use during pregnancy especially for symptomatic women, but will still miss some PCR-positive women. The clinical significance of these very low density infections needs to be better defined

Antioxidant and anticancer activities of polyphenolic compounds from three Acanthaceae medicinal species from Burkina Faso

Phytochemical screening and biological activities of methanol extracts from three Acanthaceae species namely Hygrophila auriculata (H. auriculata), Nelsonia canescens (N. canescens) and Peristrophe bicalyculata (P. bicalyculata), widely used in local ethnomedicine, were carried out. Phenolic content quantification indicated that H. auriculata extract possessed the highest polyphenolics content followed by N. canescens and P. bicalyculata. Biological activities assessment showed that H. auriculata extract has the best antioxidant (through DPPH, FRAP and ABTS methods) capacity. Acetylcholinesterase and Lipoxygenase inhibition tests revealed interesting activities from P. bicalyculata. Testing cancer cells antiproliferation, it was showed that H. auriculata and N. canescens) were of good interest (27.00±1.55 and 29.70±3.11 µg/mL).These results showed that the phenolic compounds of these plants could justify their local traditional use to treat inflammatory and tumoral diseases

Antioxidant and anticancer activities of polyphenolic compounds from three Acanthaceae medicinal species from Burkina Faso

Phytochemical screening and biological activities of methanol extracts from three Acanthaceae species namely Hygrophila auriculata (H auriculata), Nelsonia canescens (N canescenŝ) and Peristrophe bicalyculata (P. bicalyculata), widely used in local ethnomedicine, were carried out. Phenolic content quantification indicated that H auriculata extract possessed the highest polyphenolics content followed by N canescens and P. bicalyculata. Biological activities assessment showed that H. auriculata extract has the best antioxidant (through DPPH, FRAP and ABTS methods) capacity. Acetylcholinesterase and Lipoxygenase inhibition tests revealed interesting activities from P bicalyculata. Testing cancer cells antiproliferation, it was showed that H auriculata and N canescens) wereof good interest (27.00±1.55 and 29.70±3.11 μg/mL). These results showed that the phenolic compounds of these plants could justify their local traditional use to treat inflammatory and tumoral diseases.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Hepatic safety of repeated treatment with pyronaridine‐artesunate versus artemether–lumefantrine in patients with uncomplicated malaria: a secondary analysis of the WANECAM 1 data from Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso

International audienceBackground: The use of pyronaridine-artesunate (PA) has been associated with scarce transaminitis in patients. This analysis aimed to evaluate the hepatic safety profile of repeated treatment with PA versus artemether-lumefantrine (AL) in patients with consecutive uncomplicated malaria episodes in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Methods: This study analysed data from a clinical trial conducted from 2012 to 2015, in which participants with uncomplicated malaria were assigned to either PA or AL arms and followed up to 42 days. Subsequent malaria episodes within a 2-years follow up period were also treated with the same ACT initially allocated. Transaminases (AST/ ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total and direct bilirubin were measured at days 0 (baseline), 3, 7, 28 and on some unscheduled days if required. The proportions of non-clinical hepatic adverse events (AEs) following first and repeated treatments with PA and AL were compared within study arms. The association of these AEs with retreatment in each arm was also determined using a logistic regression model. Results: A total of 1379 malaria episodes were included in the intention to treat analysis with 60% of all cases occurring in the AL arm. Overall, 179 non-clinical hepatic AEs were recorded in the AL arm versus 145 in the PA arm. Elevated ALT was noted in 3.05% of treated malaria episodes, elevated AST 3.34%, elevated ALP 1.81%, and elevated total and direct bilirubin in 7.90% and 7.40% respectively. Retreated participants were less likely to experience elevated ALT and AST than first episode treated participants in both arms. One case of Hy's law condition was recorded in a first treated participant of the PA arm. Participants from the retreatment group were 76% and 84% less likely to have elevated ALT and AST, respectively, in the AL arm and 68% less likely to present elevated ALT in the PA arm. In contrast, they were almost 2 times more likely to experience elevated total bilirubin in both arms. Conclusions: Pyronaridine-artesunate and artemether-lumefantrine showed similar hepatic safety when used repeatedly in participants with uncomplicated malaria. Pyronaridine-artesunate represents therefore a suitable alternative to the current first line anti-malarial drugs in use in endemic areas. Trial registration Pan African Clinical Trials Registry

Low prevalence of lipodystrophy in HIV-infected Senegalese children on long-term antiretroviral treatment: the ANRS 12279 MAGGSEN Pediatric Cohort Study

Abstract Background The long-term benefits of antiretroviral treatment (ART) are associated with metabolic complications, especially lipodystrophy, which has been well described among HIV-infected adults and children on ART in developed settings. Specifically, stavudine, and to a lesser extent zidovudine and protease inhibitors (PI), have been consistently implicated in the development of lipodystrophy. In 2006, following advice from the WHO, Senegal began phasing out stavudine from first-line ART. The objectives of this cross-sectional analysis are to assess and identify risk factors affecting the prevalence of lipodystrophy in Senegalese children and adolescents on long-term ART participating in a cohort study. Methods Lipodystrophy was clinically assessed in two- to 18-year-old children on ART for at least six months and with no concurrent severe acute malnutrition. Risk factors for lipodystrophy were identified using stepwise multivariable logistic regression. Explanatory variables included clinical and personal data, immunovirologic status, and therapeutic history. Results Overall, 254 children were assessed for lipodystrophy. The median age was 10.9 years (IQR: 8.1–14.2) and the median duration on ART was 54 months (32–84). Only 18% had been previously treated with stavudine, with a median treatment duration of 8 months (5–25). Ongoing treatment included 76% of children receiving zidovudine (median duration of 48 months (26–74)) and 27% receiving PI (lopinavir/ritonavir; median duration of 49 months (23–59)). Mild signs of lipodystrophy were observed in 33 children (13%): 28 with lipoatrophy, 4 with lipohypertrophy and one with combined type. Boys were more likely to present with lipoatrophy than girls (aOR: 4.3, 95% CI: 1.6–11.7). Children previously treated with stavudine for ≥1 year had a greater risk for lipoatrophy than those never exposed (3.8, 1.0–14.0), although the association was weak. There was no association between lipodystrophy and age or current or cumulative treatment with lopinavir/ritonavir or zidovudine. Conclusions We report low prevalence of mild lipodystrophy in children and adolescents on long-term ART receiving a stavudine-sparing regimen. These findings are reassuring for clinicians in low-income settings where zidovudine is massively prescribed and lopinavir/ritonavir is the only widely available PI. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01771562 (registration date: 01/18/2013)

The Carriage Population of Staphylococcus aureus from Mali Is Composed of a Combination of Pandemic Clones and the Divergent Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-Positive Genotype ST152▿

Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen, but it appears more commonly in asymptomatic colonization of the nasopharynx than in cases of invasive disease. Evidence concerning the global population structure of S. aureus is limited by the overrepresentation in the multilocus sequence testing database of disease isolates recovered from Western Europe, the Americas, Australia, and Japan. We address this by presenting data from the S. aureus carriage population in Mali, the first detailed characterization of asymptomatic carriage from an African population. These data confirm the pandemic spread of many of the common S. aureus clones in the carriage population. We also note the high frequency (∼24%) of a single divergent genotype, sequence type 152 (ST152), which has not previously been recovered from nasal carriage isolates but corresponds to a sporadic Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-positive, community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus clone noted mostly in Central Europe. We show that 100% of the ST152 isolates recovered from nasal carriage samples in Mali are PVL positive and discuss implications relating to the emergence and spread of this virulent genotype

Diversity of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec Structures in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus Strains among Outpatients from Four Countries▿

In staphylococci, methicillin (meticillin) resistance (MR) is mediated by the acquisition of the mecA gene, which is carried on the size and composition variable staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). MR has been extensively studied in Staphylococcus aureus, but little is known about MR coagulase-negative staphylococci (MR-CoNS). Here, we describe the diversity of SCCmec structures in MR-CoNS from outpatients living in countries with contrasting environments: Algeria, Mali, Moldova, and Cambodia. Their MR-CoNS nasal carriage rates were 29, 17, 11, and 31%, respectively. Ninety-six MR-CoNS strains, comprising 75 (78%) Staphylococcus epidermidis strains, 19 (20%) Staphylococcus haemolyticus strains, 1 (1%) Staphylococcus hominis strain, and 1 (1%) Staphylococcus cohnii strain, were analyzed. Eighteen different SCCmec types were observed, with 28 identified as type IV (29%), 25 as type V (26%), and 1 as type III (1%). Fifteen strains (44%) were untypeable for their SCCmec. Thirty-four percent of MR-CoNS strains contained multiple ccr copies. Type IV and V SCCmec were preferentially associated with S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus, respectively. MR-CoNS constitute a widespread and highly diversified MR reservoir in the community

<i>An</i>. <i>coluzzii</i> and <i>An</i>. <i>gambiae</i> females were infected with <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> field isolates following <i>EcR</i>-silencing.

(A-B)An. coluzzii and An. gambiae females were injected with either dsGFP (Cntrl) or dsEcR and then infected with P. falciparum field isolates originating from six different gametocyte carriers (designated patient, p#). (A) Two batches of An. coluzzii females were infected with parasites from p1, p2, and p3. (B) Three batches of An. gambiae females were infected with parasites from p1, p3, p4, p5, and p6. (C) In An. coluzzii, dsEcR-injections did not reduce cumulative egg development to the level of statistical significance (Mann-Whitney). (D) In An. gambiae, EcR-silencing did result in a significant reduction in cumulative egg numbers compared to controls (unpaired t-test). (E-F) In both species, (E) An. coluzzii and (F) An. gambiae, dsEcR-injections had no effect on cumulative oocyst prevalence (Fisher’s Exact) or intensity (unpaired t-test and Mann-Whitney). P next to pie charts = prevalence. N = sample size. p# = parasite isolate.</p

Genetic evidence for transboundary circulation of Peste Des Petits Ruminants across West Africa

Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a viral disease affecting predominantly small ruminants. Due to its transboundary nature, regional coordination of control strategies will be key to the success of the on-going PPR eradication campaign. Here, we aimed at exploring the extent of transboundary movement of PPR in West Africa using phylogenetic analyses based on partial viral gene sequences. We collected samples and obtained partial nucleoprotein gene sequence from PPR-infected small ruminants across countries within West and Central Africa. This new sequence data was combined with publically available data from the region to perform phylogenetic analyses. A total of fifty-five sequences were obtained in a region still poorly sampled. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the majority of virus sequences obtained in this study were placed within genetic clusters regrouping samples from multiple West African and Central African countries. Some of these clusters contained samples from countries sharing borders. In other cases, clusters grouped samples from very distant countries. Our results suggest extensive and recurrent transboundary movements of PPR within West Africa, supporting the need for a regional coordinated strategy for PPR surveillance and control in the region. Simple phylogenetic analyses based on readily available data can provide information on PPR transboundary dynamics and, therefore, could contribute to improve control strategies. On-going and future projects dedicated to PPR should include extensive genetic characterization and phylogenetic analyses of circulating viral strains in their effort to support the campaign for global eradication of the disease