Correction of Fanconi Anemia Group C Hematopoietic Stem Cells Following Intrafemoral Gene Transfer

The main cause of morbidity and mortality in Fanconi anemia patients is the development of bone marrow (BM) failure; thus correction of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) through gene transfer approaches would benefit FA patients. However, gene therapy trials for FA patients using ex vivo transduction protocols have failed to provide long-term correction. In addition, ex vivo cultures have been found to be hazardous for FA cells. To circumvent negative effects of ex vivo culture in FA stem cells, we tested the corrective ability of direct injection of recombinant lentiviral particles encoding FancC-EGFP into femurs of FancC−/− mice. Using this approach, we show that FancC−/− HSCs were efficiently corrected. Intrafemoral gene transfer of the FancC gene prevented the mitomycin C-induced BM failure. Moreover, we show that intrafemoral gene delivery into aplastic marrow restored the bone marrow cellularity and corrected the remaining HSCs. These results provide evidence that targeting FA-deficient HSCs directly in their environment enables efficient and long-term correction of BM defects in FA

Anémie de Fanconi : thérapie génique par les cellules souches hématopoïétiques

L'anémie de Fanconi (AF) est une pathologie génétique rare (1/350 000 naissances), transmise selon le mode récessif. Son tableau clinique regroupe de nombreuses malformations congénitales, une aplasie médullaire, une pancytopénie et une prédisposition accrue aux cancers. Au plan cellulaire, une mutation sur l'un des treize gènes Fanconi suffit à induire une instabilité chromosomique et une hypersensibilité aux agents pontant l'ADN. La perte de fonction des protéines Fanconi est probablement responsable du défaut d'autorenouvellement des cellules souches hématopoïétiques (CSH) et de l'état pro-apoptotique des progéniteurs médullaires. Les principaux traitements ont une très faible efficacité et induisent de dangereuses complications (toxicité, leucémies). La thérapie génique qui consiste à introduire ex vivo dans les CSH, une copie fonctionnelle du gène Fanconi altéré, apparaît ici comme le traitement alternatif le plus prometteur. Les premiers travaux effectués dans le laboratoire et confirmés pas d'autres, ont montré que la correction génique ex vivo est néfaste pour les CSH Fanconi. Une nouvelle approche thérapeutique a été mise en place, consistant à introduire la copie fonctionnelle du gène altéré directement in vivo, par injection intra-fémorale (IIF). Cette technique novatrice permet de délivrer le gène dans le milieu natif des CSH, leur évitant le stress induit par la culture. Après l'IIF de virions porteurs du gène EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein), des analyses sanguines mensuelles montrent une augmentation régulière de la fluorescence, confirmant l'efficacité technique du transfert génique in vivo. L'étape suivante consistait en l'injection du gène correcteur FancC, en fusion avec le marqueur EGFP (FancC-EGFP), dans des souris FancC-/-, FancA-/- et sauvages. L'expression sanguine de la protéine FANCC-EGFP confirme la transduction de cellules médullaires. L'efficacité de correction est évaluée lors de tests de survie des souris aux injections intra-péritonéales d'un agent pontant l'ADN : la mitomycine-C (MMC), sur une période de quinze semaines. Ce traitement vise à évaluer l'effet correcteur de la transduction et la fonctionnalité de la protéine transgénique, seules les cellules corrigées seront en mesure de restaurer l'intégrité de leur ADN et de proliférer. La nature des cellules corrigées a été analysée au cours de transplantations successives. Les résultats démontrent que les CSH FancC-/- recouvrent, après correction in vivo, par le transgène FancC-EGFP, une fonctionnalité semblable à celle des sauvages. Les résultats préliminaires obtenus dans le modèle murin aplasique confirment l'efficacité de la correction génique et sont particulièrement encourageants puisqu'ils permettent d'envisager l'IIF comme une nouvelle approche thérapeutique pour le traitement de l'AF

Splicing of histone deacetylase 7 modulates smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointima formation through nuclear β-catenin translocation

Objective-Vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation has an indispensable role in the pathogenesis of vascular disease, but the mechanism is not fully elucidated. The epigenetic enzyme histone deacetylase 7 (HDAC7) is involved in endothelial homeostasis and SMC differentiation and could have a role in SMC proliferation. In this study, we sought to examine the effect of 2 HDAC7 isoforms on SMC proliferation and neointima formation. Methods and Results-We demonstrated that overexpression of unspliced HDAC7 (HDAC7u) could suppress SMC proliferation through downregulation of cyclin D1 and cell cycle arrest, whereas spliced HDAC7 (HDAC7s) could not. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of HDAC7 increased SMC proliferation and induced nuclear translocation of beta-catenin. Additional experiments showed that only HDAC7u could bind to beta-catenin and retain it in the cytoplasm. Reporter gene assay and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction revealed a reduction of beta-catenin activity in cells overexpressing HDAC7u but not HDAC7s. Deletion studies indicated that the C-terminal region of HDAC7u is responsible for the interaction with beta-catenin. However, the addition of amino acids to the N terminus of HDAC7u disrupted the binding, further strengthening our hypothesis that HDAC7s does not interact with beta-catenin. The growth factor platelet-derived growth factor-BB increased the splicing of HDAC7 while simultaneously decreasing the expression of HDAC7u. Importantly, in an animal model of femoral artery wire injury, we demonstrated that knockdown of HDAC7 by siRNA aggravates neointima formation in comparison with control siRNA. Conclusion-Our findings demonstrate that splicing of HDAC7 modulates SMC proliferation and neointima formation through beta-catenin nuclear translocation, which provides a potential therapeutic target in vascular disease. (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011;31:2676-2684.)HematologyPeripheral Vascular DiseaseSCI(E)PubMed7ARTICLE112676-U8023

Galectin-9 Protein Expression in Endothelial Cells Is Positively Regulated by Histone Deacetylase 3

Galectin-9 expression in endothelial cells can be induced in response to inflammation. However, the mechanism of its expression remains unclear. In this study, we found that interferon-γ (IFN-γ) induced galectin-9 expression in human endothelial cells in a time-dependent manner, which coincided with the activation of histone deacetylase (HDAC). When endothelial cells were treated with the HDAC3 inhibitor, apicidin, or shRNA-HDAC3 knockdown, IFN-γ-induced galectin-9 expression was abolished. Overexpression of HDAC3 induced the interaction between phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and IFN response factor 3 (IRF3), leading to IRF3 phosphorylation, nuclear translocation, and galectin-9 expression. HDAC3 functioned as a scaffold protein for PI3K/IRF3 interaction. In addition to galectin-9 expression, IFN-γ also induced galectin-9 location onto plasma membrane, which was HDAC3-independent. Importantly, HDAC3 was essential for the constitutive transcription of PI3K and IRF3, which might be responsible for the basal level of galectin-9 expression. The phosphorylation of IRF3 was essential for galectin-9 expression. This study provides new evidence that HDAC3 regulates galectin-9 expression in endothelial cells via interaction with PI3K-IRF3 signal pathway

Protein kinase C{delta} deficiency accelerates neointimal lesions of mouse injured artery involving delayed reendothelialization and vasohibin-1 accumulation

Objective-To use protein kinase C (PKC) delta-knockout mice to investigate the role of PKC delta in lesion development and to understand the underlying mechanism of the vascular disease. Methods and Results-PKC delta functions as a signal transducer mediating several essential functions of cell proliferation and apoptosis. However, the effect of PKC delta on neointimal formation in wire-injured vessels is unknown. Three weeks after wire injury of femoral arteries, neointimal lesions were significantly increased in PKC delta(-/-) mice compared with PKC delta(+/+) animals. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that total numbers of smooth muscle cells and macrophages in the lesions of PKC delta(-/-) mice were markedly elevated without changing the ratio of these 2 cell types. To further elucidate the mechanisms of PKC delta-mediated increase in the lesion, an in vivo endothelial migration model was established to evaluate endothelial wound healing after wire injury. Data showed that reendothelialization of the injured vessel was markedly delayed in PKC delta(-/-) mice; this coincided with more severe intimal hyperplasia. Migration of endothelial cells cultivated from cardiac tissue was markedly reduced in the absence of PKC delta, whereas no difference in proliferation or apoptosis was detected. Inhibition of PKC delta activity or protein expression by small hairpin RNA (shRNA) in cultured endothelial cells confirmed the defective migratory phenotype. Interestingly, vasohibin-1, an antiangiogenesis protein, was elevated in endothelial cells derived from PKC delta(-/-) mice, which was mainly because of delayed protein degradation mediated by PKC delta. Downregulation of vasohibin-1 restored the migration rate of PKC delta(-/-)endothelial cells to a similar level as PKC delta(+/+) cells. Conclusion-PKC delta deficiency enhances neointimal formation, which is associated with delayed reendothelialization and involves increased cellular vasohibin-1 accumulation. (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010;30:2467-2474.)HematologyPeripheral Vascular DiseaseSCI(E)PubMed15ARTICLE122467-24743

Histone deacetylase 3 is critical in endothelial survival and atherosclerosis development in response to disturbed flow

Background: Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) is known to play a crucial role in the differentiation of endothelial progenitors. The role of HDAC3 in mature endothelial cells, however, is not well understood. Here, we investigated the function of HDAC3 in preserving endothelial integrity in areas of disturbed blood flow, ie, bifurcation areas prone to atherosclerosis development. Methods and Results: En face staining of aortas from apolipoprotein E-knockout mice revealed increased expression of HDAC3, specifically in these branching areas in vivo, whereas rapid upregulation of HDAC3 protein was observed in endothelial cells exposed to disturbed flow in vitro. Interestingly, phosphorylation of HDAC3 at serine/threonine was observed in these cells, suggesting that disturbed flow leads to posttranscriptional modification and stabilization of the HDAC3 protein. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed that HDAC3 and Akt form a complex. Using a series of constructs harboring deletions, we found residues 136 to 206 of HDAC3 to be crucial in this interaction. Enforced expression of HDAC3 resulted in increased phosphorylation of Akt and upregulation of its kinase activity. In line with these findings, knockdown of HDAC3 with lentiviral vectors (shHDAC3) led to a dramatic decrease in cell survival accompanied by apoptosis in endothelial cells. In aortic isografts of apolipoprotein E-knockout mice treated with shHDAC3, a robust atherosclerotic lesion was formed. Surprisingly, 3 of the 8 mice that received shHDAC3-infected grafts died within 2 days after the operation. Miller staining of the isografts revealed disruption of the basement membrane and rupture of the vessel. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated that HDAC3 serves as an essential prosurvival molecule with a critical role in maintaining the endothelial integrity via Akt activation and that severe atherosclerosis and vessel rupture in isografted vessels of apolipoprotein E-knockout mice occur when HDAC3 is knocked down. © 2010 American Heart Association. All rights reserved

The Fanconi Anemia Core Complex Acts as a Transcriptional Co-regulator in Hairy Enhancer of Split 1 Signaling*S⃞

Mutations in one of the 13 Fanconi anemia (FA) genes cause a progressive bone marrow failure disorder associated with developmental abnormalities and a predisposition to cancer. Although FA has been defined as a DNA repair disease based on the hypersensitivity of patient cells to DNA cross-linking agents, FA patients develop various developmental defects such as skeletal abnormalities, microphthalmia, and endocrine abnormalities that may be linked to transcriptional defects. Recently, we reported that the FA core complex interacts with the transcriptional repressor Hairy Enhancer of Split 1 (HES1) suggesting that the core complex plays a role in transcription. Here we show that the FA core complex contributes to transcriptional regulation of HES1-responsive genes, including HES1 and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21cip1/waf1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation studies show that the FA core complex interacts with the HES1 promoter but not the p21cip1/waf1 promoter. Furthermore, we show that the FA core complex interferes with HES1 binding to the co-repressor transducin-like-Enhancer of Split, suggesting that the core complex affects transcription both directly and indirectly. Taken together these data suggest a novel function of the FA core complex in transcriptional regulation