Welfare quality assessment on diary farms

U današnje vreme, uzimajući u obzir težinu i izloženost uticajima koji ugrožavaju dobrobit kao i broj gajenih životinja, problem dobrobiti mlečnih krava jedan je od najizraženijih u Evropi. Zaštita dobrobiti mlečnih krava je izuzetno kompleksno pitanje, koje uključuje različite aspekte i zahteva korenite promene u odgajivačkim programima i sistemima menandžmenta. Pitanje dobrobiti najviše okupira one koji su direktno ili indirektno uključeni u proizvodnju hrane - potrošače i proizvođače animalnih proizvoda. Pored toga, zaštita dobrobiti mlečnih krava povezana je i sa pitanjima zaštite životne sredine, održivog razvoja, i čitavog niza zdravstvenih, higijenskih, ekonomskih i socijalnih problema jednog društva. Osnovni cilj ovog rada bio je utvrđivanje nivoa kvaliteta dobrobiti na farmama mlečnih krava kao i sagledavanje razlika u kvalitetu dobrobiti između farmi sa različitim sistemom držanja i farmi različitog kapaciteta. Procena relevantnosti pojedinih indikatora u okviru kriterijuma i principa, kao i bliže definisanje najznačajnijih problema dobrobiti na farmama mlečnih krava u našoj zemlji, utvrđivanje međusobnih odnosa kvaliteta dobrobiti, proizvodnje mleka, nekih reproduktivnih pokazatelja i sezone gajenja takođe su određeni kao ciljevi disertacije. Za ocenu stanja dobrobiti na farmama mlečnih krava korišćen je Protokol za ocenu kvaliteta dobrobiti goveda (Wefare Quality® Assessment Protocol for Cattle, 2009) čija je specifičnost ocena odgovarajućih pokazatelja dobrobiti posmatrano iz ugla same životinje. Protokol uključuje 29 indikatora koji se koriste za utvrđivanje 12 kriterijuma: odsustva dugotrajne gladi i žeđi, komfora u držanju, termalnog komfora, slobode pokreta, odsustva povreda i bolesti, odsustva bola usled mutilacija, izražavanja socijalnih i ostalih oblika ponašanja, dobrog odnosa čovek - životinja i pozitivnog emocionalnog stanja...Today, taking into consideration the gravity and exposure to influences that threaten the welfare and the number of farmed animals, welfare problem of dairy cows is one of the most dominant in Europe. Protecting the welfare of dairy cows is an extremely complex issue that involves different aspects and requires fundamental changes in the breeding programs and management systems. The question of animal welfare is mainly occupying those who are directly or indirectly involved in the production of food - consumers and producers of animal products. In addition, the protection of the welfare of dairy cows is associated with environmental issues, sustainable development, and a range of medical, hygienic, economic and social problems of the society. The main objective of this study was to determine the quality of the welfare of dairy cows on farms as well as understanding the difference in the quality of welfare among farms with different housing systems and farms of different capacities. Assessment of the relevance of certain indicators within the criteria and principles, as well as clarification of the major welfare problem in dairy cattle farms in the country, establishing mutual relationship between animal welfare quality, milk production, reproductive indices and some of the breeding season, were also determined as objectives of the dissertation. For the assessment of animal welfare on dairy farms the Protocol to assess the quality of welfare of cattle was used (Welfare Quality ® Assessment Protocol for Cattle, 2009), whose specific feature is the assessment of appropriate animal welfare indicators from the viewpoint of the animals themselves. The protocol includes 29 indicators used to determine the 12 criteria: the absence of long-term hunger and thirst, keeping of comfort, thermal comfort, freedom of movement, lack of injuries and illness, absence of pain due to mutilation, expression of social behaviour and other forms of behaviour, a good relationship man - animal and positive emotional state..

Selekcija bikovskih majki u populaciji simentalske rase goveda

Increase of production and improvement of the quality of milk, as well as of the intensity of fertility, are main prerequisites of modern cattle production. For the purpose of production of domestic Simmental bulls it is necessary to select the best cows from main herd. These heads as a rule represent approx. 1% of best cows in the controlled population primary in regard to production of milk and milk fat, but also in regard to body development, udder development and fertility traits. Fertilization of bull dams is done according to adequate system, where, for each dam, annually, bull, previously selected as sire, is determined, whose semen will be used for her insemination. Since the fastest way for selection and genetic progress is sire-son line, the most attention is directed to selection of bull sires. In Serbia, annually, only very few bulls are tested, which is insufficient for realization of greater and faster genetic improvement of production and reproduction traits of Simmental population of cattle. Therefore, centres for artificial insemination often import semen of elite bulls for planned insemination of Simmental bull dams, or borrow young bulls from abroad (waiting bulls) whose semen is used for insemination of main population. In this paper criteria for selection of cows into category of bull dams are presented as well as results relating to milk production, fertility, body development and type score of bull dams of Simmental breed in Central Serbia.Povećanje proizvodnje i kvaliteta mleka kao i intenziteta plodnosti, osnovni su preduslovi savremene govedarske proizvodnje. Za potrebe proizvodnje bikova simentalske domaće rase neophodno je iz matičnog zapata odabrati najbolje krave. Ova grla, po pravilu, predstavljaju oko 1% najboljih krava kontrolisane populacije, pre svega u proizvodnji mleka i mlečne masti, a zatim i u telesnoj građi, građi vimena i osobinama plodnosti. Oplođavanje bikovskih majki se obavlja po odgovarajućem sistemu. Svakoj kravi se u toku jedne godine određuje bik čijim će se semenom osemeniti, a koji je prethodno odabran za oca budućih bikova. Budući da je najbrži put selekcije i genetskog unapređenja osobina putem linije otac-sin, izboru bikovskih očeva se pridaje najveća pažnja. U Srbiji se na godišnjem nivou testira jako mali broj bikova, što je nedovoljno za ostvarivanje nekog većeg i bržeg genetskog poboljšanja proizvodnih i reproduktivnih osobina populacije simentalske rase goveda. Iz tih razloga se centri za veštačko osemenjavanje odlučuju na uvoz semena za plansko oplođavanje bikovskih majki simentalske rase, ili pozajmicu mladih bikova iz inostranstva (čekajući bikovi) čije seme se upotrebljava za veštačko osemenjavanje matične populacije. Pored kriterijuma na osnovu kojih se vrši odabiranje krava u kategoriju bikovskih majki u radu su prikazani i rezultati mlečnosti, plodnosti, kao i telesne razvijenosti i ocene tipa bikovskih majki simentalske rase u centralnoj Srbiji

General principles and good animal welfare practices on dairy cattle farms

Field experiences and scientific observations point out the need to define a guide which would describe widely applicable general principles and good practices for ensuring the welfare of dairy cattle. The key action areas in the guide should be stockmanship, feed and water, living environment, husbandry practices and health management. There is a set of principles in each of these key action areas that should be used to further define the good practice of ensuring dairy cattle welfare in farms. The most important issue for the implementation of good welfare practices for dairy cows is stockmanship. Appropriate nutrition is a basic requirement and it is considered to have a great role to ensure good dairy cattle welfare. Environment, space, equipment, microclimatic and hygienic conditions significantly influence the welfare of dairy cattle. Dairy cattle should be treated with care and in a consistent manner, taking into account their natural behaviour all the time, and in any case minimizing the risk of injury and distress. For the welfare of dairy cattle of particular importance are many health conditions as: lameness, mastitis, injuries, acidosis, milk fever and other metabolic diseases, diarrhoea and anaemia of calves, respiratory diseases, heat stress, arthritis and many contagious diseases. It is necessary to introduce systematic training of stockpersons in our country with special attention to stockmanship and responsibility, feed and water, living environment, husbandry practices and health management in order to achieve a stable system of ensuring good dairy cattle welfare

Govedarska proizvodnja - stanje i budući pravci razvoja u Republici Srbiji

Number of heads of cattle in the last 11 years is constantly decreasing. In this period, number of cattle is reduced by 18%. Number of cows and pregnant heifers reduced by 14%. Data indicate that at the end of 2006 1,096.000 heads of cattle were registered. It should be pointed out that number of cows and pregnant heifers of 710.000 heads at the end of 2006 which are included in reproduction represent the future of Serbian cattle production in future. Dominant breeds are Domestic Spotted and Simmental cattle, participating by about 70% in total number, then crossbreds of Domestic Spotted and Simmental and Busha cattle participating with about 25%, and about 5% goes to Black and Red-White cattle of European White-Black and Holstein races. Production of cow's milk is in slight constant increase. This can be explained by increased production of milk per cow. Genetic progress in milk traits was achieved by utilization of progeny tested bulls on milk and increased scope of artificial insemination of cows and heifers. Production of meat is in constant decrease which is consequence of reduction of total number of cattle as well as insufficient number of slaughterhouses with EU certificate. Of total quantity of produced meat, in Central Serbia 69.000 t and in Vojvodina 21.000 t of meat is produced. Starting from the current situation in cattle production, and on basis of previous practice, domestic and international, and development of cattle breeding, fast and efficient transformation of cattle production is necessary, enlargement of agricultural farms and forming of specialized farmers for production of meat and milk. Systems of certification and registration which would increase the product value should be introduced on specialized farms. Milk produced in this way can have added value on the market through special dairy products (hard cheeses, semi hard cheeses, white-soft cheeses and milk beverages). Agricultural households/farms specializing in meat production have objective - production of beef for domestic needs and export. Future of export of Serbian meat is first of all in production of beef of high quality which complies with demands of specific markets (Italy, Greece, etc.).Na osnovu zvaničnih statističkih podataka stanje u govedarstvu se ocenjuje kao nepovoljno. Broj grla poslednjih deset godina konstantno opada. U ovom periodu broj goveda je smanjen za 18%. Dok je broj krava i steonih junica smanjen za 14,3%. Podaci o brojnom stanju i kategorijama goveda takodje ukazuju na značajno smanjenje, tako da kategorija junadi od 1-2 godine je smanjen za 24.5% dok broj teladi je smanjen za 29.2%. Podaci pokazuju da je na kraju 2006. godine evidentirano 1,096.000 grla goveda. Posebno treba imati u vidu da broj krava i steonih junica od 710.000 grla na kraju 2006. godine koja ulaze u reprodukciju predstavljaju budućnost srpske govedarske proizvodnje u narednom periodu. Dominantne rase su domaća šarena i simentalska rasa, sa učešćem od oko 70% u ukupnom broju goveda, zatim melezi goveda domaće šarene i simentalske rase i buša goveda sa oko 25%, i 5% čine crno-bela goveda i crveno-bela goveda evropskih crnobelih i holštajn rasa. Proizvodnja kravljeg mleka je u blagom stalnom porastu. Ovo se može objasniti povećanom proizvodnjom mleka po kravi. Genetski napredak u osobinama mlečnosti postignut je korišćenjem progeno testiranih bikova na mleko i povećanom obimu veštačkog osemenjavanja krava i junica. Proizvodnja mesa je u stalnom opadanju što je posledica opadanja ukupnog broja goveda kao i nedovoljan broj klanica koje imaju sertifikat EU. U 2006. godini registrovane su samo 4 klanice sa EU sertifikatima. Od ukupne kolićine proizvedenog mesa u Centralnoj Srbiji se proizvede 69.000 t dok u Vojvodini 21.000 t. Polazeći od postojećeg stanja u govedarskoj proizvodnji, kao i na osnovu dosadašnje domaće i međunarodne prakse i razvoja govedarstva neophodna brza i efikasna transformacija govedarske proizvodnje u cilju ukrupnjavanja zemljišnih poseda i stvaranja specijalizovanih farmera za proizvodnju mleka i mesa. Na specijalizovanim farmama treba uvesti sisteme certifikacije i registracije koje povećavaju vrednost proizvoda. Ovako proizvedeno mleko može se dalje valorizovati na tržištu preko specijalnih proizvoda od mleka (tvrdi sirevi, polutvrdi sirevi, beli sir i mlečni napitci). Gazdinstva ( farmeri ) specijalizovani za proizvodnju mesa imaju za cilj proizvodnju junećeg mesa za domaće potrebe i za izvoz. Budućnost srpskog izvoza mesa leži pre svega u proizvodnji junećeg mesa takvog kvaliteta koji odgovara zahtevima odgovarajućeg tržišta (Italija, Grčka i dr)

The Basic Principles of Dairy Cattle Welfare Plan Creation and Implementation

In this review paper basic principles of dairy cattle welfare plan creation and implementation were given. The plan includes goals intended to be achieved related to specificities of dairy farm technology, selection of measures and procedures that have to be included, order and manner of measures and procedures description, as well as plan implementation.Efficiency and further sustainability of the plan implementation could be measured through differences between dairy cattle welfare level before and after the plan application using questionnaire containing complex indicators, such as: 1. planning, organisation and implementation of dairy cattle welfare standards, 2. competence of employees in relation to dairy cattle welfare, 3. stock-keeper attitudes towards dairy cattle behavioural needs, 4. monitoring and inspection of dairy cattle and equipment, 5. handling of dairy cattle, 6. feeding and watering of dairy cattle, 7. accommodation, microclimate and sanitary conditions on farm, 8. hygiene and body care of the dairy cattle, 9. production and reproduction of dairy cattle and 10. behaviour and health status of dairy cattle.Stock-keeper should define and write the plan in close cooperation with veterinarian and other professionals, when necessary, experts and technical persons who are engaged in providing advice on production technology especially engineers of animal husbandry. At least once a year, it is necessary to reconsider and supplement the plan by current scientific knowledge and new practical experience

Određivanje aktivnosti specifičnih enzima krvi u peripartalnom periodu i tokom pune laktacije

This study examined the activities of aspartate-aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl-transferase (GGT) and lactate-dehydrogenase (LDH) in the blood serum of 45 dairy Simmental cows divided into three groups according to production period. The first group (n=15) consisted of late pregnant dairy cows, the second group (n=15) cows in the early lactation, and the third group (n=15) cow in mid lactation. The significant higher activity (P (lt) 0.05) of AST, GGT and LDH were determined in the early lactation period than in dry period and during full lactation. Research results showed possibility of mild degree of hepatic lesions, probably due to fat infiltration in early lactation cows. Serum AST enzyme activities were significant correlated (P (lt) 0.05) with GGT and LDH activities and may be most sensitive indicator.U ovom radu je određivana aktivnost aspartat-aminotransferaze (AST), gama-glutamat-transferaze (GGT) i laktat dehidrogenaze (LDH) u krvnom serumu kod 45 simentalskih mlečnih krava, podeljenih u tri grupe u zavisnosti od produktivnog perioda. Prvu grupu (n=15) su činile visoko gravidne krave, drugu grupu (n=15) krave u ranoj laktaciji, a treću grupu (n=15) krave tokom pune laktacije. Statistički značajno veće aktivnosti AST (P (lt) 0.05),GGT (P (lt) 0.05) i LDH (P (lt) 0.05) u krvnom serumu su utvrđene kod krava u ranoj laktaciji u odnosu na aktivnosti ovih enzima u serumu kod zasušenih krava i krava u punoj laktaciji. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na mogućnost blagog stepena oštećenja ćelija jetre, odnosno masnu infiltraciju hepatocita kod krava na početku laktacije. Serumske aktivnosti AST su bile u značajnoj korelaciji (P (lt) 0.05) sa aktivnostima GGT i LDH u krvnom serumu pa se AST može smatrati pouzdanim indikatorom u tvrđivanju funkcionalnog stanja jetre kod mlečnih krava tokom peripartalnog perioda i pune laktacije

Udeo tkiva u maloprodajnim delovima junećih trupova

In order to determine the content of certain tissues in retail (main) cuts of young cattle carcasses, dissection of 30 carcass sides from young cattle was performed. Average weight of carcass sides was 169 kg. Average share of meat (approx. 86%) in carcass parts of the 1st category (leg), in carcass parts of the 2nd category (loin, back, shoulder) approx. 78%, and in carcass parts of the 3rd category (neck, subshoulder, foreshank, breast, ribs, belly, leg) approx. 73% was determined. Share (average) of bones in carcass parts of the 1st category was approx. 11%, 2nd category approx. 18%, and 3rd category approx. 20%. Share (average) of fat in carcass parts of the 1st category was approx. 2,0%, 2nd category approx. 3,5%, and 3rd category approx. 5,5%. Average share of binding tissue in carcass parts of the 1st category was approx. 0,3%, 2nd category approx. 0,7% and 3rd category approx. 1,5%. .U cilju utvrđivanja sadržaja tkiva u maloprodajnim delovima junećeg trupa, obavljena je disekcija 30 polutki prosečne mase 169 kg. Prosečni udeo mesa u delovima trupa I kategorije (but) iznosio je oko 86%, u delovima trupe II kategorije (slabine, leđa, plećka) oko 78%, a u delovima trupa III kategorije (vrat, podplećka, podlaktica, grudi, rebra, trbušina, kolenica) oko 73%. Udeo kostiju u delovima trupa I kategorije bio je oko 11%, II kategorije oko 18%, a III kategorije oko 20%. Udeo loja u delovima trupa I kategorije iznosio je oko 2,0%, II kategorije oko 3,5%, a III kategorije oko 5,5%. Prosečni udeo vezivnog tkiva u delovima trupa I kategorije iznosi oko 0,3%, II kategorije oko 0,7% i III kategorije oko 1,5%.

Najznačajnije dileme koje se odnose na dobrobit farmskih životinja

In this review paper, contradictions in modern livestock production as dilemmas of farm animal welfare are considered. The main dilemma concerns the question of whether extensive production in small farms is generally better than intensive production in large farms. The next dilemma relates to an intensive selection of animals and its impact on the emergence of welfare problems. Another dilemma is related to the two main interconnected problems of pig welfare in individual farrowing pens: the piglet death by crushing and the sows' movement restriction. Similarly, welfare dilemma is the paradox of parent flocks of broiler line breeding that could not be solved until the pressure for genetic advancement in production is required due to the economic efficiency. The next example of the dilemma is the widespread practice of tail docking in piglets in order to reduce the risk of tail biting. Although the tail docking is painful and may cause death, anaesthesia is usually not applied on farms. A similar example of the dilemma is debeaking in the laying hens and the occurrence of feather pecking in free rearing systems. It is important to notice the difference between the described dilemmas, where one premise opposes the other, which is essentially a conflict between the animal welfare goals and other values, such as economic, ethical and moral issues. Finally, there are also some dilemmas about the consumers' willingness to pay a higher price of products that originate from welfare friendly rearing conditions.U ovom preglednom radu razmatraju se kontradikcije u modernoj stočarskoj proizvodnji kao dileme koje se odnose na dobrobit farmskih životinja. Glavna dilema odnosi se na pitanje da li je ekstenzivna proizvodnja na malim farmama generalno bolja od intenzivne proizvodnje na velikim farmama. Sledeća dilema odnosi se na primenu intenzivne selekcije životinja i njen uticaj na nastanak problema dobrobiti. Naredna dilema se odnosi na dva glavna međusobno povezana problema dobrobiti svinja u pojedinačnim boksovima za prašenje: uginuća prasadi gnječenjem i ograničenje kretanja krmača. Takođe, dilema u vezi sa dobrobiti je paradoks roditeljskih jata tovnih pilića koja se ne može rešiti dok postoji pritisak za genetski napredak u proizvodnji zbog ekonomske efikasnosti. Sledeći primer dileme je široko rasprostranjena praksa sečenja repa kod prasadi kako bi se smanjio rizik od griže repova. Iako je sečenje repa bolno i može prouzrokovati uginuće, anestezija se obično ne primjenjuje na farmama. Sličan primer dileme je i skraćivanje kljuna kod kokoši nosilja i pojava kljucanja perja u sistemima slobodnog uzgoja. Važno je uočiti razliku između opisanih dilema, gde je jedna premisa suprotstavljena drugoj, što je u suštini konflikt između ciljeva dobrobiti životinja i drugih aspekata, kao što su ekonomska, etička i moralna pitanja. Konačno, postoje i neke dileme koje se odnose na spremnost potrošača da plate višu cenu za proizvode koji su dobijeni u uslovima gajenja koji pospešuju dobrobit farmskih životinja

Zootehnički uslovi proizvodnje od značaja za geografsku oznaku porekla autohtonog sjeničkog sira

Main characteristics of zoo technical conditions that are important for geographical brand of origin of native white cheese from Sjenica are presented in this paper. General characteristics of farms, as well as typical methods of breeding cattle and sheep in this part of the Republic of Serbia are described. Basic condition necessary for one product to find and preserve it's place on the market is the continuous presence on the market without any oscillations in regard to the quality. In order to achieve this goal, the availability of main raw material must always be secured, in case of white cheese from sjenica - milk, whether sheep or cow milk. Precisely the providing of essential raw material of good quality represents the greatest problem. Owners of farms which are included in the research project "Optimization and standardization of the technology for production of white cheese from Sjenica with protected brand of origin" have expressed the desire to increase their production by introducing new animals to their breeding stocks. In this regard, it is necessary that the government proceeds with systematical measures to support the efforts of those farmers who are interested in livestock production and production of native products with protected geographical brand of origin, among which white cheese from Sjenica has important role.U radu su prikazane osnovne karakteristike zootehničkih uslova koji su bitni za geografsku oznaku porekla autohtonog sjeničkog sira. Opisane su opšte karakteristike farmi, kao i karakteristike načina gajenja goveda i ovaca u ovom delu Republike Srbije

Proizvodnja junećeg mesa sa svojstvima funkcionalne hrane

In this study the effects of 'Tradi-Lin' as a source of omega-3 fatty acids (FA) in diets for fattening cattle were presented. 'Tradi-Lin' produced from flax seed had 58% omega-3 and 15% omega-6 fatty acids of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Trial was carried out on three groups of finishing beef cattle (C, T1 and T2) with 15 heads in each and was lasted 60 days. The diets used based on maize silage and concentrate mixture. Cattle received 0, 300 and 700 g of 'Tradi-Lin' per day, respectively. At the end of trial heads were slaughtered and major parameters of the chemical composition and meat quality were determined. The results indicated that were no differences in saturated (50.85; 50.21; 50.34%) and unsaturated (49.15; 49.79; 49.66%) FA between treatments in intramuscular fat of the m. longissimus dorsi but 'Tradi-Lin' influenced the changes in structure of intramuscular fat and increased PUFA from 4.91 (C) to 5.54 (T1) and 7.31% (T2) ( P (lt) 0.05). The increase of omega-3 FA from 0.36 (C) to 0.60 (T1) and 0.76% (T2) must be pointed out, ( P (lt) 0.05). The omega-6 FA were also increased from 4.51 (C) to 4.94 (T1) and 6.22% (T2) (P>0.05) but omega-6: omega- 3 ratio was reduced from 12.25 (C) to 8.22 (T1) (P (lt) 0.05) and 8.62(T2), (P (lt) 0.01). Trans unsaturated FA which are undesirable were decreased from 3.37% (C) to 2.43% (T1) and 2.36% (T2)(P (lt) 0.05). From nutritional aspect those results have a great importance, having in mind that omega-3 FA have a vital role in human health.U radu su predstavljeni efekti korišćenja proizvoda 'Tradi-Lin' kao izvora omega-3 masnih kiselina u obrocima junadi u tovu. Proizvod 'TradiLin'dobijen je termičkom obradom semena lana, sadrži 58% omega-3 i 15% omega-6 masnih kiselina od ukupno polinezasićenih masnih kiselina (PUFA) i predstavlja patent francuske firme Vitalac. Ogled je izveden na tri grupe simentalske rase junadi (C, T1 i T2) sa po 15 grla u svakoj, u periodu dva meseca pred klanje. Obroci za sve grupe junadi bili su potpuno identični i bazirani na silaži cele biljke kukuruza i smeši koncentrata. Jedina razlika bila je ta što su grla pored osnovnog obroka dobijala 0, 300 i 700 g 'Tradi-Lin' -a dnevno, respektivno. Na kraju ogleda grla su zaklana i određeni su najvažniji parametri hemijskog sastava i kvaliteta mesa. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da u intramuskularnoj masti leđnog dela M. longissimus dorsi (MLD) nije postojala razlika u sadržaju zasićenih (50,89; 50,21; 50,32%) i nezasićenih (49,15; 49,79; 49,66%) masnih kiselina među ispitivanim tretmanima (C, T1 i T2). Međutim, dodavanje 'TradiLin'- a uticalo je na promenu strukture intramuskularne masti u korist povećanja PUFA od 4,95 (C), na 5,98 (T1) odnosno 7,31% (T2) (P (lt) 0.05). Treba posebno istaći povećanje sadržaja omega-3 masnih kiselina sa 0,36 (C) na 0,60 (T1) odnosno na 0,76% (T2), (P (lt) 0,05). Jednovremeno povećao se sadržaj omega-6 masnih kiselina od 4,51 (C) na 4,94 (T1) odnosno 6,22% (T2) (P>0,05) a odnos omega -6/omega-3 smanjen sa 12,25 (C) na 8,22 (T1) (P (lt) 0,05) i 8,62 (T2), (P (lt) 0,01). Sadržaj trans nezasićenih masnih kiselina koje su nepoželjne smanjen je sa 3,37% (C) na 2,43% (T1) (P (lt) 0,05) odnosno 2,36% (T2). Dodavanje 0,7 kg ovog preparata u obroke u zadnjih dva meseca tova potpuno je ekonomski opravdano jer utiče na zanemarljivo povećanje cene u odnosu efekte koji se dobijaju. Sa nutricionističkog aspekta ovi rezultati imaju veliki značaj imajući u vidu da omega-3 masne kiseline imaju vitalnu ulogu u očuvanju zdravlja ljudi