El desplazamiento forzado como una de las causas de la formación de asentamientos informales en la ciudad de Medellín y las herramientas jurídicas disponibles para asegurar el derecho a la vivienda digna a las víctimas

El conflicto no ha sido ajeno a la realidad de Colombia y con este, el desplazamiento forzado ha sido una problemática que se ha normalizado en el país implicando que se migre del campo a la ciudad e incluso que esto se presente dentro de la misma ciudad, este es el caso de Medellín, dado que a la ciudad han llegado miles de familias desde el campo e incluso dentro de sus barrios también se presentan migraciones forzadas intraurbanas que se unen a la violencia que ha vivido la ciudad, lo cual genera presión a nivel habitacional en vista de que el territorio no cuenta con el número de viviendas suficientes para todas las personas que habitan la ciudad generándose el déficit de vivienda y la formación de barrios informales, por ello se busca analizar el aporte qué hace el derecho, y en especial las normas nacionales y locales, las políticas públicas, y la jurisprudencia, para solucionar este problema.This conflict has not been aliening to the realty of Columbia. Forced displacement has been a problem that has become normalized in the country. It implies that people migrate from the countryside to the city. Even if that occurs within the same city. This is the case of Medellin, given that thousands of families have arrived in the city from the countryside. Within its neighborhoods, forced intra-urban migration add to the violence that the city has experienced. This generates pressure at the local level. The territory does not have enough houses for all the people who inhabit the city. This generates a housing deficit and the formation of informal neighborhoods. It seeks to analyze the contribution made by law, primarily national and local regulations, public policies, and jurisprudence to solve this problem

Mechanical engineering, a proposal towards research with an impact on society

The authors are pleased to present the findings of the research projects conducted by GENERGÉTICA research group affiliated to the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira. These chapters delve into research topics concerning fuel economy and energy efficiency in light duty vehicles (LDV). In the first chapter, titled "Fuel economy baseline update for light duty vehicles in Colombia", authors Melissa Valencia, Daniel Ríos, Juan E. Tibaquirá, Sebastián Ospina, Juan C. Castillo, Juan C. López, and Luis F. Quirama provide an update on the fuel economy baseline of the LDV fleet in Colombia between 2017 and 2019. This project received funding from The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) as part of the Global Fuel Economy Initiative (GFEI). The fuel economy baseline serves as foundation for future policy measures aimed at enhancing the fleet’s energy efficiency and quantifying their potential impact. This chapter details the methodology used to establish and update the fuel economy baseline in Colombia, which can be applicable to other countries as well. Furthermore, it presents disaggregated results based on vehicle classes such as cars, trucks, campers, pickups, and vans, providing a comprehensive overview of the current state of the national LDV fleet. In the second chapter “Determination of the coefficients of resistance to the movement of a light vehicle type automobile” authors Juan C. Castillo, Juan C. López, David A. Serrato, Álvaro Restrepo, and Juan E. Tibaquirá propose a methodology for measuring the fuel consumption of LDVs considering its movement resistance coefficients. This study was funded by the Instituto Nacional de Metrología de Colombia with the objective of establishing road and laboratory procedures for quantifying movement resistance coefficients and incorporating them into laboratory fuel consumption tests. The chapter describes the methodology, the analysis of the deceleration curves both on road and in laboratory and outlines the adjustment and calibration methods employed. It also presents an uncertainty model that encompasses all the stages of the procedure. The Department of Mechanical Engineering welcomes the reading of these studies, which aim to address the national and regional challenges pertaining to energy efficiency and emissions in the transportation sector.CONTENT Presentation...................................................................................................................5 CHAPTER ONE Fuel economy baseline update for light duty vehicles in Colombia...............................9 Melissa Valencia Duque, Daniel Ríos Osorio, Juan E. Tibaquirá, Sebastián Ospina, Juan Carlos Castillo Herrera, Juan Camilo López y Luis Felipe Quirama. CHAPTER TWO Determination of the coefficients of resistance to the movement of a light vehicle-type automobile................................................................................................43 Juan Carlos Castillo, Juan Camilo López, David Andrés Serrato, Álvaro Restrepo y Juan Esteban Tibaquir

Capillary refill time response to a fluid challenge or a vasopressor test:an observational, proof-of-concept study

Background: Several studies have validated capillary refill time (CRT) as a marker of tissue hypoperfusion, and recent guidelines recommend CRT monitoring during septic shock resuscitation. Therefore, it is relevant to further explore its kinetics of response to short-term hemodynamic interventions with fluids or vasopressors. A couple of previous studies explored the impact of a fluid bolus on CRT, but little is known about the impact of norepinephrine on CRT when aiming at a higher mean arterial pressure (MAP) target in septic shock. We designed this observational study to further evaluate the effect of a fluid challenge (FC) and a vasopressor test (VPT) on CRT in septic shock patients with abnormal CRT after initial resuscitation. Our purpose was to determine the effects of a FC in fluid-responsive patients, and of a VPT aimed at a higher MAP target in chronically hypertensive fluid-unresponsive patients on the direction and magnitude of CRT response. Methods: Thirty-four septic shock patients were included. Fluid responsiveness was assessed at baseline, and a FC (500 ml/30 mins) was administered in 9 fluid-responsive patients. A VPT was performed in 25 patients by increasing norepinephrine dose to reach a MAP to 80–85 mmHg for 30 min. Patients shared a multimodal perfusion and hemodynamic monitoring protocol with assessments at at least two time-points (baseline, and at the end of interventions).Results: CRT decreased significantly with both tests (from 5 [3.5–7.6] to 4 [2.4–5.1] sec, p = 0.008 after the FC; and from 4.0 [3.3–5.6] to 3 [2.6 -5] sec, p = 0.03 after the VPT. A CRT-response was observed in 7/9 patients after the FC, and in 14/25 pts after tobjehe VPT, but CRT deteriorated in 4 patients on this latter group, all of them receiving a concomitant low-dose vasopressin. Conclusions: Our findings support that fluid boluses may improve CRT or produce neutral effects in fluid-responsive septic shock patients with persistent hypoperfusion. Conversely, raising NE doses to target a higher MAP in previously hypertensive patients elicits a more heterogeneous response, improving CRT in the majority, but deteriorating skin perfusion in some patients, a fact that deserves further research.</p

Estrutura populacional e agentes polinizadores de Catasetum ochraceum nas rocas da cordilheira ocidental (La Vorágine, Colômbia)

Catasetum ochraceum is a terrestrial orchid with discontinuous distribution in Colombia and Venezuela. A population was monitored for four years in La Vorágine, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Pollination observations were made, as well as a census of individuals in the population was carried out. Catasetum spp is known to be pollinated by male euglossine bees, so to identify local pollinators, traps were located with attractants 1-8 cineol and methyl salicylate to collect bees with Catasetum polynaries. A total of 50 individuals were recorded, measured and mapped for follow-up from 2016 to 2020. During the observation period, no marked plants produced fruit and 22 plants survived until the end of the sampling. As for the collection of bees, 18 specimens of eight different species were recorded: Eulema nigrita, Exaerete smaragdina, Euglossa despecta, Eg. ignita, Eg. modestior, Eg. tridentata, Eg. deceptrix and Eg. liopoda. From these, Eg. deceptrix and Eg. liopoda carried polynaries of C. ochraceum. Therefore it is concluded that this population of orchids could be threatened, but the reasons for the population decline are unknown. In addition, two potential pollinator species are identified in the study area.Catasetum ochraceum es una orquídea terrestre con distribución discontinua en Colombia y Venezuela. Una población fue monitoreada durante cuatro años en La Vorágine, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Se realizaron observaciones de polinización y se hizo un censo de los individuos de la población. Se sabe que las Catasetum spp son polinizadas por abejas euglosinas machos, así que para identificar los polinizadores locales ubicamos trampas con los atrayentes 1-8 cineol y salicilato de metilo para colectar abejas con polinarios de Catasetum. Un total de 50 individuos fueron registrados, medidos y mapeados para hacerles seguimiento desde 2016 hasta 2020. Durante el periodo de observación, ninguna planta marcada produjo frutos y 22 plantas sobrevivieron hasta el final del muestreo. En cuanto a la colecta de abejas, 18 especímenes de ocho especies diferentes fueron registrados: Eulema nigrita, Exaerete smaragdina, Euglossa despecta, Eg. ignita, Eg. modestior, Eg. tridentata, Eg. deceptrix y Eg. liopoda. De estas, Eg. deceptrix y Eg. liopoda portaron polinarios de C. ochraceum. Se concluye que esta población de orquídeas podría estar amenazada, pero se desconocen las razones del declive poblacional. Además, se identifican dos especies de polinizadores potenciales en la zona de estudio.Catasetum ochraceum é uma orquídea terrestre com distribuição descontínua na Colômbia e na Venezuela. Uma população foi monitorada durante quatro anos em La Vorágine, Valle del Cauca, Colômbia. Foram realizadas observações de polinização e foi feito um censo dos indivíduos da população. Sabe-se que as Catasetum spp são polinizadas por abelhas Euglossini machos (“abelhas das orquídeas”), assim que, para identificar os polinizadores locais, localizamos armadilhas com os atraentes 1-8 cineol e salicilato de metilo para coletar abelhas com polinários de Catasetum. Um total de 50 indivíduos foram registrados, medidos e mapeados para fazer acompanhamento desde 2016 até 2020. Durante o período de observação, nenhuma planta marcada produziu frutos e 22 plantas sobreviveram até o final da amostra. Quanto à coleta de abelhas, 18 espécimenes de oito espécies diferentes foram registrados: Eulema nigrita, Exaerete smaragdina, Euglossa despecta, Eg. ignita, Eg. modestior, Eg. tridentata, Eg. deceptrix e Eg. liopoda. Destas, Eg. deceptrix e Eg. liopoda portaram polinários de C. ochraceum. Conclui-se que essa população de orquídeas poderia estar ameaçada, mas são desconhecidas as razões da decadência populacional. Além disso, duas espécies são identificadas de polinizadores potenciais na zona de estudo

Capillary refill time response to a fluid challenge or a vasopressor test:an observational, proof-of-concept study

Background: Several studies have validated capillary refill time (CRT) as a marker of tissue hypoperfusion, and recent guidelines recommend CRT monitoring during septic shock resuscitation. Therefore, it is relevant to further explore its kinetics of response to short-term hemodynamic interventions with fluids or vasopressors. A couple of previous studies explored the impact of a fluid bolus on CRT, but little is known about the impact of norepinephrine on CRT when aiming at a higher mean arterial pressure (MAP) target in septic shock. We designed this observational study to further evaluate the effect of a fluid challenge (FC) and a vasopressor test (VPT) on CRT in septic shock patients with abnormal CRT after initial resuscitation. Our purpose was to determine the effects of a FC in fluid-responsive patients, and of a VPT aimed at a higher MAP target in chronically hypertensive fluid-unresponsive patients on the direction and magnitude of CRT response. Methods: Thirty-four septic shock patients were included. Fluid responsiveness was assessed at baseline, and a FC (500 ml/30 mins) was administered in 9 fluid-responsive patients. A VPT was performed in 25 patients by increasing norepinephrine dose to reach a MAP to 80–85 mmHg for 30 min. Patients shared a multimodal perfusion and hemodynamic monitoring protocol with assessments at at least two time-points (baseline, and at the end of interventions).Results: CRT decreased significantly with both tests (from 5 [3.5–7.6] to 4 [2.4–5.1] sec, p = 0.008 after the FC; and from 4.0 [3.3–5.6] to 3 [2.6 -5] sec, p = 0.03 after the VPT. A CRT-response was observed in 7/9 patients after the FC, and in 14/25 pts after tobjehe VPT, but CRT deteriorated in 4 patients on this latter group, all of them receiving a concomitant low-dose vasopressin. Conclusions: Our findings support that fluid boluses may improve CRT or produce neutral effects in fluid-responsive septic shock patients with persistent hypoperfusion. Conversely, raising NE doses to target a higher MAP in previously hypertensive patients elicits a more heterogeneous response, improving CRT in the majority, but deteriorating skin perfusion in some patients, a fact that deserves further research.</p

The Research Journey as a Challenge Towards New Trends

The academic community of the department of Risaralda, in its permanent interest in evidencing the results of the research processes that are carried out from the Higher Education Institutions and as a product of the VI meeting of researchers of the department of Risaralda held in November 2021 presents its work: “The journey of research as a challenge towards new trends”, which reflects the result of the latest research and advances in different lines of knowledge in Agricultural Sciences, Health Sciences, Social Sciences and Technology and Information Sciences, which seek to solve and meet the demands of the different sectors. This work would not have been possible without the help of each of the teachers, researchers and authors who presented their articles that make up each of the chapters of the book, to them our gratitude for their commitment, dedication and commitment, since their sole purpose is to contribute from the academy and science to scientific and technological development in the search for the solution of problems and thus contribute to transform the reality of our society and communities. We also wish to extend our gratitude to the institutions of the Network that made this publication possible: UTP, UCP, UNAD, UNIREMINGTON; UNISARC, CIAF, Universidad Libre, Uniclaretiana, Fundación Universitaria Comfamiliar and UNIMINUTO, institutions that in one way or another allowed this work to become a reality, which we hope will be of interest to you.Preface............................................................................................................................7 Chapter 1. Technologies and Engineering Towards a humanization in Engineering using soft skills in training in Engineers.............................................................................................................11 Omar Iván Trejos Buriticá1, Luis Eduardo Muñoz Guerrero Innovative materials in construction: review from a bibliometric analysis....................................................................................................................27 Cristian Osorio Gómez, Daniel Aristizábal Torres, Alejandro Alzate Buitrago, Cristhian Camilo Amariles López Bibliometric review of disaster risk management: progress, trends, and challenges.........................................................................................................51 Alejandro Alzate Buitrago, Gloria Milena Molina Vinasco. Incidence of land coverage and geology, in the unstability of lands of the micro-basin of the Combia creek, Pereira, Risaralda....................................73 Alejandro Alzate Buitrago, Daniel Aristizábal Torres. Chapter 2. Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences Training experience with teachers teaching mathematics using the inquiry methodology ...............................................................................................95 Vivian Libeth Uzuriaga López, Héctor Gerardo Sánchez Bedoya. Interpretation of the multiple representations of the fears associated to the boarding of limited visual patients in the elective I students’ written productions and low vision ...................................................................................113 Eliana Bermúdez Cardona, Ana María Agudelo Guevara, Caterine Villamarín Acosta. The relevance of local knowledge in social sciences............................................131 Alberto Antonio Berón Ospina, Isabel Cristina Castillo Quintero. Basic education students’ conceptions of conflict a view from the peace for the education....................................................................................................143 Astrid Milena Calderón Cárdenas,Carolina Aguirre Arias, Carolina Franco Ossa, Martha Cecilia Gutiérrez Giraldo, Orfa Buitrago. Comprehensive risk prevention in educational settings: an interdisciplinary and socio-educational approach ............................................................................163 Olga María Henao Trujillo, Claudia María López Ortiz. Chapter 3. Natural and Agricultural Sciences Physicochemical characterization of three substrates used in the deep bedding system in swine .......................................................................................175 Juan Manuel Sánchez Rubio, Andrés Felipe Arias Roldan, Jesús Arturo Rincón Sanz, Jaime Andrés Betancourt Vásquez. Periodic solutions in AFM models........................................................................187 Daniel Cortés Zapata, Alexander Gutiérrez Gutiérrez. Phenology in flower and fruit of Rubus glaucus benth. Cv. Thornless in Risaralda: elements for phytosanitary management .........................................199 Shirley Palacios Castro, Andrés Alfonso Patiño Martínez, James Montoya Lerma, Ricardo Flórez, Harry Josué Pérez. Socio-economic and technical characterization of the cultivation of avocado (Persea americana) in Risaralda..............................................................217 Andrés Alfonso Patiño Martínez, Kelly Saudith Castañez Poveda, Eliana Gómez Correa. Biosecurity management in backyard systems in Santa Rosa de Cabal, Risaralda................................................................................................................227 Julia Victoria Arredondo Botero, Jaiver Estiben Ocampo Jaramillo, Juan Sebastián Mera Vallejo, Álvaro de Jesús Aranzazu Hernández. CONTENTS Physical-chemical diagnosis of soils in hillside areas with predominance of Lulo CV. La Selva production system in the department of Risaralda.............241 Adriana Patricia Restrepo Gallón, María Paula Landinez Montes, Jimena Tobón López. Digestibility of three concentrates used in canine feeding....................................271 María Fernanda Mejía Silva, Valentina Noreña Sánchez, Gastón Adolfo Castaño Jiménez. Chapter 4. Economic, Administrative, and Accounting Sciences Financial inclusion in households from socioeconomic strata 1 and 2 in the city of Pereira ..................................................................................................285 Lindy Neth Perea Mosquera, Marlen Isabel Redondo Ramírez, Angélica Viviana Morales. Internal marketing strategies as a competitive advantage for the company Mobilautos SAS de Dosquebradas........................................................................303 Inés Montoya Sánchez, Sandra Patricia Viana Bolaños, Ana María Barrera Rodríguez. Uses of tourist marketing in the tourist sector of the municipality of Belén de Umbría, Risaralda.............................................................................................319 Ana María Barrera Rodríguez, Paola Andrea Echeverri Gutiérrez, María Camila Parra Buitrago, Paola Andrea Martín Muñoz, Angy Paola Ángel Vélez, Luisa Natalia Trejos Ospina. Territorial prospective of Risaralda department (Colombia), based on the SDGS...............................................................................................................333 Juan Guillermo Gil García, Samanta Londoño Velásquez. Chapter 5. Health and Sports Sciences Performance evaluation in times of pandemic. What do medical students think?.......................................................................................................353 Samuel Eduardo Trujillo Henao, Rodolfo A. Cabrales Vega, Germán Alberto Moreno Gómez. The relevance of the therapist’s self and self-reference in the training of psychologists.....................................................................................................371 Maria Paula Marmolejo Lozano, Mireya Ospina Botero. Habits related to oral health which influence lifestyle of elder people in a wellness center for the elderly in Pereira 2020. .............................................387 Isadora Blanco Pérez, Olga Patricia Ramírez Rodríguez, Ángela María Rincón Hurtado. Analysis of the suicide trend in the Coffee Region in Colombia during the years 2012-2018 ..............................................................................................405 Germán Alberto Moreno Gómez, Jennifer Nessim Salazar, Jairo Franco Londoño, Juan Carlos Medina Osorio. Hind limb long bone fractures in canines and felines...........................................419 María Camila Cruz Vélez, Valentina Herrera Morales, Alba Nydia Restrepo Jiménez, Lina Marcela Palomino, Gabriel Rodolfo Izquierdo Bravo. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in children in the rural and urban area of Risaralda....................................................................................................439 Angela María Álvarez López, Angela Liceth Pérez Rendón, Alejandro Gómez Rodas, Luis Enrique Isaza Velásquez. Chapter 6. Architecture, Design and Advertising The artisan crafts of Risaralda, characteristics, importance, and risks within the Colombian Coffee Cultural Landscape, CCCL....................................457 Yaffa Nahir Ivette Gómez Barrera, Javier Alfonso López Morales