An American View of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Includes bibliographical reference

Departmental Review: Department of Agricultural Education

1. Schedule for Review of Departmental Program 2. Overview of Agricultural Education Department: Functions; Budgets; Where Ag. Ed. Graduates Go; Advisory Council 3. University Administration: UN-L Organization Chart; IANR Administrative Chart 4. Agricultural Education Faculty: Staff and Assignments; Appointments, status and experience; Professional Activities during last two calendar years 5. Instructional Program: Teaching &Advisement; mEnrollment History; Undergraduate Curriculum; Graduate Program; Departmental Self Survey 6. Research and Writing: Project Descriptions; Accomplishments; Planned Objectives; Recent Publications 7. Extension Activities 8. Special Programs: In-Service Education; Curriculum Modification Project 9. Future Directions: Instructional; Research; Extension; Continuing/In-Servic

Society and its Reproduction: The Case of Wasukuma of Tanzaania

This paper discusses economic activities and their influence on the growth and development of human society in Usukuma. The specific objectives focused on firstly the significance of economic activities on the reproduction of human society from its evolution to the current stage. The paper dwelt on the transformation of the Sukuma society in the manner it has been evolving and the nature of economic activities it evolved. The other specific objective was to show how diverse economic activities developed by Wasukuma contributed to the growth and development of the society of Wasukuma. The paper concludes that economic activities are the product of human evolution in the struggle to tame the environment for sustainable growth and development. The paper applied the theory of social transformation to inform this study by situating the Sukuma society in the context of historical process from pre colonialism through colonialism to post colonialism. It is revealed that during pre-colonial period the Sukuma evolved economic activities depending on the demands of the society, technological adaptation and what nature had in stock. Colonial superstructure transformed the Sukuma economic activities to the production of cash crops and minerals as demanded by colonial industries. Post colonial political system created dependency system whereby it inherited colonial economic activities. The main argument of this paper is that economic activities are invented by human beings who want to extract from nature the material life necessary for their existence and reproduction. The paper employed historical exploration utilizing qualitative approach and both primary and secondary historical sources for data collection. Data were collected by interviews, oral and generational histories, archives and documentary review from libraries

Curative and Preventive Roles of Catholic Missionaries in Kihanja and Ihangiro Bukoba District from 1904-1961

This paper identifies the curative and preventive roles of Catholic missionaries in the development of health services in Kihanja and Ihangiro chiefdoms in Tanzania from 1904 to 1961. The study is based on historical design and qualitative approach. The documentary, in-depth interviews and observation methods were employed in data collection. In disagreeing to traditional scholars, the paper advocates that missionaries did not only offer curative health services but also provided a variety of preventive services mainly in rural areas where up to the 1930s government hospitals and dispensaries were either very few or non-existent. The curative services provided by Catholic missionaries consisted of surgical and non-surgical treatments as well as nursing care activities. The preventive roles included Maternal and Child Health (MCH), health education, training of midwives, vaccination, and leprosy and tuberculosis services. The paper emphasizes that missionary health services not only complemented government’s services in the colony but also pioneered medical provision in the rural areas where the colonial state lacked resource to invest. Missions’ efforts to collaborate with the government was not made to perpetuate colonialism but rather to facilitate the availability of more health services

Acute and short-term effects of the nonpeptide endothelin-1 receptor antagonist bosentan in humans

Summary: In recent years, evidence from various animal experiments has accumulated that emphasizes the role of endothelin-1 in the pathophysiology of several cardiovascular diseases, including congestive heart failure. The recent advent of potent antagonists of this system now allows the assessment of the involvement of endothelin-1 in the maintenance of vascular tone in animals and humans. We report hemodynamic data from two trails in patients with chronic severe congestive heart failure (i.e., reduced left ventricular ejection fraction of 15 mmHg, and/or reduced cardiac index of 2.5 L/min/m2 or less) who were treated with the mixed endothelin-type A and type B-receptor antagonist bosentan. In the first study, the acute effect of bosentan (300 mg, intravenous) on hemodynamics and neurohormones was investigated. Bosentan was well tolerated and significantly improved impaired hemodynamics due to systemic and venous vasodilation. In the second trial, bosentan was given orally (0.5 g bid) for 14 days, in addition to conventional triple treatment for congestive heart failure, including digitalis, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and diuretics. Cardiac hemodynamics were monitored during the first 24 hours of treatment, and measurements were repeated during the last day of bosentan therapy. Bosentan was well tolerated in these patients as well, and hemodynamic measures were compatible with an additional effect of bosentan after 2 weeks. However, there was a slight increase in heart rate as well. Our result underline the importance of endogenously generated endothelin-1 in congestive heart failure and suggest a potential benefit of endothelin antagonism in such patients. However, long-term studies are needed to establish whether chronic endothelin antagonism has beneficial clinical effects and is capable of improving survival and/or symptoms in severe heart failure patients who remain symptomatic despite standard triple therap

Anti-diarrhoeal potential of the ethanol extract of Gongronema latifolium leaves in rats

The leaves of Gongronema latifolium is used in Nigeria for the treatment of diarrhoea and thus, the phytochemical constituents as well as the acute toxicity of the ethanol extract of the leaves of G. latifolium and its effects [at graded doses of 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg body weight (b.w)] against castor oil-induced diarrhoea models in rats were evaluated. The parameters used for the evaluation of the castor oil-induced diarrhoea were: reductions in the wetness of faeces and rate of defaecation. To further understand the probable mechanisms of its anti-diarrhoeal action, its effects were evaluated on gastro-intestinal motility and castor oil-induced enteropooling. The phytochemical screening of the ethanol extract of the leaves of G. latifolium revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides and cardiac glycosides. The ethanol extract of the leaves of G. latifolium at the tested doses caused significant (p<0.05) dose-dependent reductions of castor oil-induced diarrhoea, gastro-intestinal motility and castor oil-induced enteropooling in the treated rats. The results were comparable with those of the standard anti-diarrhoeal drug, atropine sulphate (2.5 mg/kg b.w). The extract was found to be non-toxic even at a dose as high as 5000 mg/kg b.w. The results indicate that the ethanol extract of the leaves of G. latifolium contains compounds with anti-diarrhoeal effect and may possibly originate an anti-diarrhoeal drug in time to come.Keywords: Gongronema latifolium, diarrhoea, castor oil and atropine sulphateAfrican Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(27), pp. 4399-440

Water Quality Assessment of the Southwestern and Coastal River Systems of Ghana

Investigation into physico-chemical water quality and dissolved heavy metal contents of major rivers from the Southwestern and Coastal River Systems of Ghana from 19 stations was undertaken from 2007 to 2010. The waters are used in their raw states for domestic purposes including drinking in most communities in the study area. The concentrations of the various parameters were assessed in relation to the Ghana Raw Water Quality Criteria and Guidelines for raw water, and in few instances, are compared with the WHO guidelines where the waters are known to be sources of drinking water. Turbidity, Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Total Hardness were the physical parameters selected for the quality assessment of the waters in relation to domestic use. An Adapted Water Quality Index (WQI) was used to characterize the overall water quality status of the waters.  Turbidity and TSS were found to be above their respective Target Water Quality Range (TWQR) values for raw water, while Total Hardness concentration were within guideline values. The levels of the trace metals investigated in the waters, Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, and Hg, were found to be  generally low, and do not yet pose health risks in the dissolved form. However, Fe and Mn levels were moderately high, exceeding their respective TWQR values stipulated for Ghanaian freshwaters.  An assessment of non-cancerous health risk from exposure to Fe, Mn, and Zn was performed with the Risk Integrated Software for cleanup (RISC 4.02) developed by the USEPA. Results of the risk assessment, however, revealed a hazard quotient greater than 1 in some locations, indicating that the risk of adverse health effects associated with exposure to zinc, manganese and iron is high in those locations. Efforts should therefore be made to prevent metal pollutants, mainly from mining activities, from entering our water bodies to keep them suitable for their intended uses. Keywords: Risk assessment, Southwestern Rivers Systems, Coastal Rivers Systems, Water Quality, Water Quality Index