COVID-19 PANDEMIA: NEUROPSYCHIATRIC COMORBIDITY AND CONSEQUENCES

Infection with the new corona virus (SARS-CoV-2) was first registered in December 2019 in China, and then later spread rapidly to the rest of the world. On December 31, 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) informed the public for the first time about causes of pneumonnia of unknown origin, in the city of Wuhan (Hubei Province, China), in people who were epidemiologically linked to a seafood and wet animal whole sale local market in Wuhan. Coronavrus disease, called COVID-19 (Corona virus disease 2019), after China quickly spread to most countries in the wold, and the WHO on March 11, 2020 declared a pandmic with this virus. SARS-CoV-2, has a high level of sequential similarities to the SARS-CoV-1 and uses the same receptors when it enters the human body (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2/ACE2). COVID-19 is respiratry infection that is primarily transmitted via respiratry droplets. Typical symptoms of COVID-19 infection can be very moderate (infected can be even asymptomatic) to very severe, with severe respiratory symptoms (bilateral severe pneumonia), septic schock, and fatal outcome. Numeous unknows regarding the biological, epidemilogical adn clinical characteristics of COVID-19, still exist, and make it impossible to predict with certainty the further course of the current pandemic. COVID-19 is primarily a disease of the respiratory system, but SARS CoV-2, in a number of patients also penetrates the CNS, and apparently could be responsible for fatal outcome in some cases. The entrry of the virus into the brain can lead to neurological and psychiatric manifestationss, which are not uncommon, including headache, paresthesia, myalgia, impaired consciousnessm, confusion or delirum and cerebrovascular diseases. SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals should be evaluated in a timely manner for neurological and psychiatic symptoms because tretament of infection-related neurological and psychiatric complications is an important factor in better prognosis of severe COVID-19 patients.From the current point of view, it seems that in COVID-19 survivors, in the coming years and decades, the inflammatory systemic process and/or the inflammatory process of the brain could trigger long-term mechanisms that generally lead to an increase of neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. Psychosocial consequences as well as consequences for mental health are also significant, both for the general population and especially for health workers of all profiles. COVID-19 pandemia is associtaed with negative psychosocial consequences, including depressive symptoms, anxiety, anger and stress, sleep disorders, simpotms of posttrauamtic stres disorder, social isolation, loneliness and stigmatization

Vaccination Awareness Among Population in Canton Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

One of the most successful inventions for modern medicine and public health are vaccines since they greatly influence our society. Administration of vaccine, vaccination, is a process in which an individual becomes immune to certain infectious diseases. Many diseases are eradicated with the usage of vaccines. The human population is a bit skeptical about vaccine safety and their side effects. Countries have developed their calendar of mandatory immunizations, and people are supposed to follow it regularly. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, immunization against some diseases, such as hepatitis b, rubella, diphtheria etc., is mandatory, and each individual should be vaccinated by 7 different vaccines, throughout their lifetime. Some vaccines are given once in the lifetime, and some should be repeated, according to the calendar. This research was conducted in Canton Sarajevo, and the survey was done by 330 persons of different gender, age, and education level. According to the results, 91,2% of respondents are supporting vaccination. Nevertheless, not all the respondents, or their children, have received all vaccines. There is no significant correlation between the level of education and vaccine awareness of respondents. This survey was done to see the awareness of vaccination of people living in Canton Sarajevo. The study was limited by the geographical area but could be improved if the whole country responds to the survey

Farmer’s Satisfaction Regarding Land Consolidation in Turkey

Farmland consolidation is defined as the aggregation of farm lands that are fragmented and dispersed in agricultural sector with the aim of increasing their size for efficiency. The aim of study is to determine the effects of land consolidation practice and its impact on farmer satisfaction levels. Farmer satisfaction analysis was conducted on farmers which have land consolidation practice areas in different regions in Turkey. The data was obtained to be conducted from 1349 farmer interviews in 10 provinces by survey in 2015, and it was based on Likert scale that measured farmer satisfaction level. The data which is used in this analysis was tested by reliability analysis, and the results were obtained via factor analysis and logistic regression. It was found that has positive opinion on land consolidation over 87 percent of farmers, and also was recommended these practices to other farmers. Moreover, the results showed that the important ones from effective factors on farmer satisfaction can be listed as follows: cost reduction, decreasing conflicts between farmers, irrigation and drainage efficiencies, having confidence in technical staff, and facilitating agricultural works

Effects of Nebivolol on Endothelial Function and Exercise Parameters in Patients with Slow Coronary Flow

Objective Earlier studies have reported that a decrease in exercise capacity might indicate endothelial dysfunction. However, the effects of improvement of endothelial functions on exercise capacity have not been evaluated. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of nebivolol on flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), and on the exercise capacities of the patients with slow coronary flow (SCF). Methods The study population included 25 subjects with SCF (Group 1) documented by the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) frame count, and 25 control group (Group 2) subjects with normal coronary angiography, for a total of 50 subjects who underwent coronary angiography due to several indications and had no coronary lesion. The TIMI frame count (TFC) values of the subjects in Group I for left anterior descending artery, right coronary, and circumflex coronary artery were 61.8 ± 30.6, 37.2 ± 17.4, and 34.6 ± 17.4, respectively. All the subjects received nebivolol 5 mg/day. Results At the end of the first month of FMD, the mean exercise duration (MED) and the Duke Scores of the patients with SCF were significantly higher than the baseline values. However, the values by the sixth month did not differ from that at the first month. Although a numerical improvement compared to the baseline values was observed for the subjects in Group 2 by the measurements at the end of the first and the sixth month, this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions Nebivolol treatment increases FMD in the subjects with SCF. The difference in the exercise parameters of these subjects is particularly dramatic, and such an outcome may indirectly indicate long-term improvement in endothelial function

G1733A (RS6152) polymorphism of the androgen receptor gene in patients with prostate cancer

Aim: The causes of prostate cancer development and molecular mechanism underlying its development and progression are not clearly understood. The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of G1733A (rs6152) polymorphism of the androgen receptor (AR) gene among patients with prostate cancer, and to examine the role of this polymorphism in the development of prostate cancer. Method: DNA samples isolated from 96 individuals (49 patients with prostate cancer and 47 controls) were analyzed with real time-polymerase chain reaction (real time-PCR) in order to determine G1733A (rs6152) polymorphism genotypes and allele frequencies in the AR gene. The results were evaluated statistically. Results: Genotype frequency was determined as 91% GG and 9% AG among the controls, and 67% GG and 33% AG among the patients. G allele frequency was 95% in controls and 83% in patients, whereas A allele frequency was 5% in controls and 17% in patients. There was a statistically significant difference between patient and control groups regarding genotype frequency (p<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of our study, we can infer that G1733A (rs6152) polymorphism of the AR gene plays a role in development of prostate cancer in the Turkish population

Investigation of variants of critically important antioxidant enzyme genes in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome

Aim: To investigate the possible effects of polymorphisms in genes encoding some important antioxidant enzymes such as super oxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), endothelial NOS (eNOS) and catalase (CAT) in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).Methods: Peripheral blood of 100 patients with PCOS and 100 healthy control group were collected, Polymorphisms in related genes was investigated by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. In addition, the related biochemical values of the patients were also investigated.Result: In our study there is no significant results for SOD2 gene but the results obtained between GPX1, eNOS and CAT genes were significant. Fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin, triglyceride, waist circumference and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) were found to be significant with the disease, whereas follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was found to be effective in preventing the disease.Conclusions: These findings suggest that polymorphisms in genes encoding GPX1, eNOS and CAT enzymes may be associated with PCOS. Additionally, it is thought that the genes of FBS, triglyceride, insulin, DHEAS and waist circumference are important in the pathogenesis of the disease in the presence of homozygous mutation

The effect of hippophae rhamnoides extract on oral mucositis induced in rats with methotrexate

Objective: To investigate the effect of HRE (Hippophae rhamnoides extract) on oral mucositis induced in rats with MTX. Material and Methods: Experimental animals were divided into groups as healthy (HG), HRE+MTX (HMTX), and control group, which received MTX (MTXC). HMTX group received 50 mg/kg HRE while MTXC and HG groups received equivolume distilled water with gavage once a day. After one hour of HRE and distilled water administration, HMTX and MTXC groups received a single dose of oral MTX 5 mg/ kg. This procedure was repeated for one month. Results: The levels of MDA, IL-1β, and TNF-α were found to be significantly higher in the cheek, lower lip, and tongue tissue of the animals receiving MTX, compared with HG and HMTX groups; however, these parameters were lower in the cheek and low lip tissue, and a milder damage ocurred in these tissues, compared with the tongue tissue in MTXC group. No histopathologic damage was observed in the cheek, lower lip, and tongue tissues of the rats treated with HRE. Conclusion: This findings indicate that HRE as a natural product is an important advantage compared with synthetic drugs for prophylaxis of oral mucositis developed due to MTX

Mutations in Influenza A Virus (H5N1) and Possible Limited Spread, Turkey, 2006

We report mutations in influenza A virus (H5N1) strains associated with 2 outbreaks in Turkey. Four novel amino acid changes (Q447L, N556K, and R46K in RNA polymerase and S133A in hemagglutinin) were detected in virus isolates from 2 siblings who died