Research of nitrate and nitrite levels in feeds, drinking waters and rumen contents and methemoglobin levels in the blood samples of the cattle in Bursa region

Bu çalışmada sığırların beslenmesinde kullanılan yem ve yem hammaddeleri, içme sulan ve sığırların rumen içeriğinde nitrat, nitrit ve kanda methemoglobin düzeylerinin araştırılması, belirlenen nitrat ve nitrit düzeylerin hayvan ve insan sağlığı açısından taşıdığı risklerin irdelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada 119 yem ve yem hammaddesi, 28 içme suyu, 52 rumen içeriği ve 52 adet kan numunesi kullanıldı. Numuneler 28 sığır çiftliği, Veteriner Fakültesi Çiftliği ve Kliniklerinden sağlandı. Yem ve yem hammaddeleri, içme sulan ve rumen içeriklerindeki nitrat ve nitrit konsantrasyonlan, kan numunelerindeki methemoglobin düzeyi spektrofotometrik yöntemlerle ölçüldü. Nitrat ve nitrit konsantrasyonlan ölçüm birimi olarak nitrat azotu ve nitrit azotu kullanıldı. Numunelerde minimal ve maksimal olarak 0-1731.66 ppm nitrat, 0-11.11 ppm nitrit bulundu. En yüksek nitrat konsantrasyonu yoncada, nitrit konsantrasyonu ise buğday ve arpa şamam numunelerinde saptandı. Ortalama nitrat düzeyleri sığır süt yeminde 90.19±17.95, sığır besi yeminde 96.08±19.49, buzağı yeminde 69.62+23.55, buğday ve arpa samanında 210.06+55.35, yoncada 470.53+141.09, yulafta 330.86±198.53 ve çayır-mera otunda 50.87i26.44 ppm, içme suyunda ortalama 6.58+1.08 ppm nitrat ve 0.035İ0.018 nitrit belirlendi. Normal rasyonlarıyla beslenen 10 sağlıklı inekten, yemlemeden önce alman rumen içeriği numunelerinde ortalama nitrat ve nitrit düzeyleri sırasıyla 0.13İ0.01 ve 0.3Ü0.03 ppm, yemlemeden 2.5 saat sonra alman rumen içeriği numunelerinde 0.16i0.01 ppm ve 0.27+.0.06 ppm; yemlemeden 5 saat sonra alman rumen içeriği numunelerinde 0.16İ0.02 ppm ve 0.28i0.06 ppm; methemoglobin konsantrasyonlan yemlemeden önce %2.52i0.22, yemlemeden 2.5 saat sonra %2.04i0.12 ve yemlemeden 5 saat sonra %2.41i0.38 olarak tespit edildi. Tedavi amacıyla Veteriner Fakültesi Kliniklerine getirilen 22 sığırdan alman rumen içeriklerinde ortalama 10.06+0.07 ppm nitrat, 0.79±0.18 ppm nitrit ve kanda % 2.64±0.21 methemoglobin bulundu. Araştırmanın bulgularına göre, yem ve yem hammaddelerinde belirlenen nitrat ve nitritin sığırlarda akut bir zehirlenmeye yol açmayacak düzeylerde olduğu, ancak bazı numunelerin içerdiği nitrat ve nitrit miktarlarının subakut veya kronik bir zehirlenmeye yol açabileceği kanısına varıldı. İçme sularındaki nitrat ve nitrit düzeyleri hayvanların sağlığı açısından bir risk oluşturmamakla birlikte, numunelerin % 21'ndeki nitrat konsantrasyonu insanlar için belirtilen sınır değerleri aşmaktadır. Methemoglobin düzeyleri normal limitler içinde (%0-3) bulunmuştur. Organik ve özellikle inorganik gübrelerin tarımda bilinçsizce kullanımı ile kentsel ve endüstriyel atıkların kontrolsüz olarak çevreye bırakılması, Bursa yöresinde yem bittölerinin ve içme sularının nitrat içeriklerinde artışa yol açarak gelecekte önemli bir problem oluşturabilecektir.The aim of this study was to determine nitrate and nitrite levels of the feed and feedstuff, drinking water and rumen fluid samples, and methemoglobin levels in blood of cattle, and to discuss the probable risk of the detennined levels of the nitrates and the nitrites for animal and human health. The samples used in the study were 119 feed and feedstuff, 28 drinking water, 52 rumen fluid and 52 blood specimen. The samples were supplied from 28 cattle farms and cattle from Veterinary Faculty Farm and Clinics. Nitrate and the nitrite levels of feed, drinking water, rumen fluid, and the methemoglobin levels of blood samples were determined by spectrophotometric methods. The nitrate and nitrite concentrations were evaluated as nitrate nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen units. Minimal and maximal concentrations were found between 0 and 1731.66 ppm nitrates, and 0 and 11.11 ppm nitrites in the samples. The highest nitrate concentration was in alfalfa and nitrite in straw samples. The mean levels of nitrate as ppm were 90.19±17.95 in the dairy cattle concentrate feed; 96.08+19.49 in the beef cattle concentrate feed; 69.62+23.55 in the calf concentrate feed; 210.06+55.35 in the wheat and barley straw; 470.53±141.09 in the alfalfa; 330.86±198.53 in the oat; 50.87±26.44 in the pasture grass, and 6.58±1.08 ppm nitrate and 0.035±0.018 ppm nitrite in the drinking water. The mean levels of nitrate and nitrite as ppm in the rumen fluid samples of 10 healthy cows that feeding with with their normal ration were found to be 0.13+0.01 and 0.31±0.03 before feeding, 0.16±0.01 and 0.27±0.06 2.5 hours after, 0.16+0.02 and0.28±0.06 5 hours after feeding respectively; methemoglobin concentrations were 2.52±0.22% before feeding, 2.04+0.12% 2.5 hours after and 2.41±0.38% 5 hours after feeding in the blood samples. The mean levels of nitrates and nitrites as ppm, and methemoglobin obtained from 22 cattle brought for treatment to the Veterinary Faculty Clinics were 0.06+0.07, 0.79+0.18 in the rumen fluid and 2.64±0.21% in the blood samples respectively. It was concluded from the results that the nitrate and the nitrite levels found in the feeds and feedsruffs are not risky in respect to acute toxicity, however some of nitrate and nitrite concentrations of these samples can cause subacute or chronic toxicity in the animals. The nitrate and the nitrite in drinking waters do not have any risk for animal health, but some of drinking water samples have more nitrates than the tolerance limits for human health. The blood samples methemoglobin levels were found in the normal limits (0-3%). As a striking finding of the study, nitrate pollution of feed plants and well water in Bursa region may become an important problem in the future because of the uncontrolled use of organic and especially inorganic fertilizers, and poor management urban and industrial wastes.BUSKİ Doburca Arıtma Tesisler

Epileptic seizures in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: Subgroup analysis of VENOST study

Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate the presence and prognostic impact of early seizures in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis patients (CVST).Method: VENOST is a retrospective and prospective national multicenter observational study. CVST patients with or without epileptic seizures (ES) were analyzed and compared in terms of demographic and imaging data, causative factors, clinical variables, and prognosis in a total of 1126 patients.Results: The mean age of the patients in the ES group was 39.73 +/- 12.64 and 40.17 +/- 14.02 years in the non-ES group (p > 0.05). Epileptic seizures were more common (76.6 %) in females (p < 0.001). Early ES occurred in 269 of 1126 patients (23.9 %). Epileptic seizures mainly presented in the acute phase (71.4 %) of the disease (p < 0.001). Majority of these (60.5 %) were in the first 24 h of the CVST. The most common neurological signs were focal neurologic deficits (29.9 %) and altered consciousness (31.4 %) in the ES group. Superior sagittal sinus (SSS) and cortical veins (CV) involvement were the most common sites of thrombosis and the mostly related etiology were found puerperium in seizure group (30.3 % vs 13.9 %). Patients with seizures had worse outcome in the first month of the disease (p < 0.001) but these did not have any influence thereafter.Conclusions: In this largest CVST cohort (VENOST) reported female sex, presence of focal neurological deficits and altered consciousness, thrombosis of the SSS and CVs, hemorrhagic infarction were risk factors for ES occurrence in patients with CVST

Epileptic seizures in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: Subgroup analysis of VENOST study

Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate the presence and prognostic impact of early seizures in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis patients (CVST). Method: VENOST is a retrospective and prospective national multicenter observational study. CVST patients with or without epileptic seizures (ES) were analyzed and compared in terms of demographic and imaging data, causative factors, clinical variables, and prognosis in a total of 1126 patients. Results: The mean age of the patients in the ES group was 39.73 +/- 12.64 and 40.17 +/- 14.02 years in the non-ES group (p > 0.05). Epileptic seizures were more common (76.6 %) in females (p < 0.001). Early ES occurred in 269 of 1126 patients (23.9 %). Epileptic seizures mainly presented in the acute phase (71.4 %) of the disease (p < 0.001). Majority of these (60.5 %) were in the first 24 h of the CVST. The most common neurological signs were focal neurologic deficits (29.9 %) and altered consciousness (31.4 %) in the ES group. Superior sagittal sinus (SSS) and cortical veins (CV) involvement were the most common sites of thrombosis and the mostly related etiology were found puerperium in seizure group (30.3 % vs 13.9 %). Patients with seizures had worse outcome in the first month of the disease (p < 0.001) but these did not have any influence thereafter. Conclusions: In this largest CVST cohort (VENOST) reported female sex, presence of focal neurological deficits and altered consciousness, thrombosis of the SSS and CVs, hemorrhagic infarction were risk factors for ES occurrence in patients with CVST.WOS:0005375741000192-s2.0-85083703251PubMed: 3235381

Assessment of Patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage or Hemorrhagic Transformation in the VENOST Study

PubMed: 33130674Introduction: Cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis (CVST) may lead to cerebral edema and increased intracranial pressure; besides, ischemic or hemorrhagic lesions may develop. Intracerebral hemorrhages occur in approximately one-third of CVST patients. We assessed and compared the findings of the cerebral hemorrhage (CH) group and the CVST group. Materials and Methods: in the VENOST study, medical records of 1,193 patients with CVST, aged over 18 years, were obtained from 35 national stroke centers. Demographic characteristics, clinical symptoms, signs at the admission, radiological findings, etiologic factors, acute and maintenance treatment, and outcome results were reported. the number of involved sinuses or veins, localizations of thrombus, and lesions on CT and MRI scans were recorded. Results: CH was detected in the brain imaging of 241 (21.1%) patients, as hemorrhagic infarction in 198 patients and intracerebral hemorrhage in 43 patients. Gynecologic causes comprised the largest percentage (41.7%) of etiology and risk factors in the CVST group. in the CH group, headache associated with other neurological symptoms was more frequent. These neurological symptoms were epileptic seizures (46.9%), nausea and/or vomiting (36.5%), altered consciousness (36.5%), and focal neurological deficits (33.6%). mRS was ?3 in 23.1% of the patients in the CH group. Discussion and Conclusion: CVST, an important cause of stroke in the young, should be monitored closely if the patients have additional symptoms of headache, multiple sinus involvement, and CH. Older age and parenchymal lesion, either hemorrhagic infarction or intracerebral hemorrhage, imply poor outcome. © 2020 S. Karger AG, Basel. All rights reserved

Headache as the sole presenting symptom of cerebral venous sinuses thrombosis: Subgroup analysis of data from the VENOST study

Objectives: Headache is the most common complaint in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) and it may sometimes be the only symptom in these patients. This retrospective and prospective study was an investigation of any differences in terms of clinical risk factors, radiological findings, or prognosis in patients with CVST who presented with isolated headache (IH) and cases with other concomitant findings (non-isolated headache [NIH]). Methods: A total of 1144 patients from a multicenter study of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis ( VENOST study) were enrolled in this research. The demographic, biochemical, clinical, and radiological aspects of 287 IH cases and 857 NIH cases were compared. Results: There were twice as many women as men in the study group. In the IH group, when gender distribution was evaluated by age group, no statistically significant difference was found. The onset of headache was frequently subacute and chronic in the IH group, but an acute onset was more common in the NIH group. Other neurological findings were observed in 29% of the IH group during follow-up. A previous history of deep, cerebral, or other venous thromboembolism was less common in the IH group than in the NIH group. Transverse sinus involvement was greater in the IH group, whereas sagittal sinus involvement was greater in the NIH group. The presence of a plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) mutation was significantly greater in the IH group. Conclusion: IH and CVST should be kept in mind if a patient has subacute or chronic headache. PAI, which has an important role in thrombolytic events, may be a risk factor in CVST. Detailed hematological investigations should be considered. Additional studies are needed

Call to restrict neonicotinoids

On 28 April 2018 the European Parliament voted for a complete and permanent ban on all outdoor uses of the three most commonly used neonicotinoid pesticides. With the partial exception of the state of Ontario, Canada, governments elsewhere have failed to take action. Below is a letter, signed by 232 scientists from around the world, urgently calling for global action by policy makers to address this issue