EFECTIVIDAD Y RENTABILIDAD DE TÉCNICAS DE SIEMBRA DE CAÑA DE AZÚCAR (Saccharum spp.)

The surfaces cultivated with sugar cane (Saccharum spp.) require and must be renovated, although it is in this stage when the experience from producing should be expressed, adapting and incorporating innovative technologies and methodologies. Despite the technological backwardness in the sugar cane sector of certain areas in México, it should not be an obstacle to improve the tasks and processes, when the objective of producing must be increasing the crop’s yields and profitability. With the purpose of orienting the actors, this document examines basic aspects and current technologies that intervene in sugar cane planting, which is considered a key activity to improve the crop’s productivity.Las superficies cultivadas con caña de azúcar (Saccharum spp.) requieren y deben ser renovados, aunque es en esta etapa donde la experiencia de producir caña de azúcar debe expresarse; adecuando e incorporando tecnologías y metodologías novedosas. A pesar del rezagado tecnológico que vive el sector cañero en ciertas áreas de México, éste no debe ser obstáculo para mejorar tareas y procesos, cuando el objetivo de producir debe ser incrementar rendimientos y rentabilidad del cultivo. Con el propósito de orientar a los actores, este documento examina aspectos básicos y tecnologías de actualidad que intervienen en la siembra de la caña de azúcar, considerada una actividad clave para mejorar la productividad del cultivo

EFICIENCIA DE LA APLICACIÓN MECANIZADA DE ESTIÉRCOL LÍQUIDO Y SU EFECTO SOBRE EL RENDIMIENTO DE MAÍZ (Zea mays L.) FORRAJERO

With adequate technology and procedures, livestock manure can be handled in liquid state, since it eases its storage, decreases the loss of nutrients, possible impacts on the environment, and improves its incorporation to the soil for the sustainable production of crops. The mechanized injection of liquid bovine manure (LBM) and its implications on fodder maize (Zea mays L.) yield was evaluated, compared to chemical fertilization. The reference dose was 160N-30P-00K, and in a random block experimental design with three treatments, the amount to be applied was at 50 %, 100 % and 150 % of the dose foreseen for treatments one, two and three, respectively, and treatment four (control) with chemical fertilizer (100 %) of the dose established. For the satisfactory recollection and application of LBM, a tank and injector equipment was built. The final yield showed differences (P>0.05) of 1.9 t ha-1 higher, only in the application of LBM of the 100 % treatment of the dose compared to the chemical fertilization treatment.Con la tecnología y los procedimientos adecuados el estiércol del ganado puede manejarse en estado líquido, ya que se facilita su almacenamiento, disminuye las pérdidas de nutrientes, posibles afectaciones al ambiente, y mejora su incorporación al suelo para la producción sustentable de cultivos. Se evaluó la inyección mecanizada del estiércol líquido de bovino (EBL) y sus implicaciones sobre el rendimiento de forraje de maíz (Zea mays L.), comparada con la fertilización química. La dosis de referencia fue 160N-30P-00K y en un diseño experimental de bloques al azar con tres tratamiento la cantidad a aplicar del estiércol líquido de bovino fue al 50 %, 100 % y 150 % de la dosis prevista para los tratamientos uno, dos y tres, respectivamente, y el tratamiento cuatro (testigo) con fertilizante químico (100 %) de la dosis establecida. Para la recolección y aplicación satisfactoria del EBL, se construyó una fosa y un equipo inyector. El rendimiento final mostró diferencias (P>0.05) de 1.9 t ha-1 mayor, solo en la aplicación de EBL del tratamiento de 100 % de la dosis comparado con el tratamiento de fertilización química

EFICIENCIA ENERGÉTICA DE LAS HERRAMIENTAS AGRÍCOLAS PARA LA LABRANZA DE SUELOS CULTIVABLES

Soil farming is considered a fundamental operation on which food production is sustained. Land farming that is correctly programmed can be achieved with the use of mechanization with the most novel technology through the use of tractors, appropriate tools, and implements that are selected correctly. The preservation of the productive potential of agricultural soils depends primarily on the correct selection and use of agricultural farming equipment, its correct programming, and the farming systems employed, especially when there is an attempt to increase the yields and quality of the foods in correct balance with the energy applied. Based on this, mechanized working techniques are shown, used to farm soilsunder economically valid farming.La labranza del suelo es considerada como una operación fundamental en la que se sustenta la producción de alimentos. Una labranza del suelo correctamente programada puede lograrse con el empleo de mecanización con la más novedosa tecnología mediante el uso de tractores, apropiadas herramientas, e implementos correctamente seleccionados. La preservación del potencial productivo de los suelos agrícolas depende principalmente de la selección correcta y del uso del equipo agrícola de labranza, su correcta programación y de los sistemas de labranza empleados, en especial cuando se busca incrementar los rendimientos y la calidad de los alimentos en correcto balance con la energía aplicada. Con base en lo anterior, se muestran técnicas de trabajo mecanizado para la labranza de los suelos bajo una labranza válida económicamente

MANEJO POR CORTE DE CAÑA DE AZÚCAR (Saccharum spp.) PARA PRODUCCIÓN DE FORRAJE, COMO ENSILAJE

This study explored the technical viability of elaborating ensilage from sugar cane (Saccharum spp.) regrowth biomass, compacted into bundles and placed in hermetically sealed bags to provoke anaerobic fermentation. The sugar cane regrowth was cut at a development age of three months since harvest, with a range of dry matter from 15 % to 20 %, with which 360X460X900 mm bundles were made, with compaction density of 100-128 kg m3-1. The bundles were placed in plastic bags, sealed and stored under a roof, and the temperature inside was measured every 10 days for two months. The internal temperature of the bundles increased from 30 °C at the beginning, to 35 °C, to drop to a minimum of 29 °C in the middle of the period and increase again and remain at 35 °C until their opening. After storage, all the bundles experienced satisfactory fermentation, attaining with this adequate ensilage.Este estudio exploró la viabilidad técnica de elaborar ensilaje a partir de la biomasa del rebrote de caña de azúcar (Saccharum spp.) compactada en pacas y colocadas en bolsas selladas herméticamente para provocar una fermentación anaeróbica. El rebrote de la caña, fue cortado con una edad de desarrollo de tres meses desde la cosecha, con un rango de materia seca de 15 % a 20 %, con la cual se elaboraron pacas de 360X460X900 mm, con densidad de compactación de 100-128 kg m3-1. Las pacas se colocaron en bolsas de plástico se sellaron y almacenaron bajo techo, midiéndose la temperatura al interior cada 10 días por dos meses. La temperatura interna de las pacas aumentó de 30 °C al inicio, hasta 35 °C, para disminuir a un mínimo de 29 °C en la mitad del periodo y volver a aumentar, y sostenerse en 35 °C hasta su apertura. Después del almacenamiento todas las pacas experimentaron una fermentación satisfactoria, consiguiéndose un ensilaje adecuado

Descripción de la estructura de soporte para el cultivo de chayote (Sechium edule (Jacq). Swartz), y propuesta de un nuevo modelo

Objective: Verify the tapanco’s structural strength when producing chayote, which gives footsteps to innovate for an original installation that should accomplish functionality and ease handling for crop management. It should include a design for a unique pole for substituting the wood’s poles. Design/methodology/closeness: Review construction stages, the required items and processes for raising the tapanco. Look into early designs, which are a copy without major changes from close by installations. Identify those challenging areas according to design and structural strength. Formulate innovations on the construction and upright support units. Results: Stability of traditional construction is granted to the entire outer limits line. A modular construction is grouped by a succession of small modules; their minimum size should be able to cover a single chayote’s plant, capable of resisting a volume of foliage generated from a sole plant and its potential production of fruits. Constraints on this study/breakouts: The alternative support pole has been designed and when manufactured it should profile just one piece. A production factory that handles polymers is making a feasible assessment to manufacture the poles and its final cost. Findings/conclusions: A modular structure is ease to assemble; load is distributed into segments, stability is not affected and the production plot can be enlarged by bringing together one or several modules, just bordering an origin module and size from an irregular land is optimized. Benefits of modular tapanco are associated to using the novel support pole.Objetivo: Validar la resistencia de estructural del “tapanco” para producir chayote, que oriente en innovar en una instalación modelo, que ofrezca una mayor funcionalidad y operatividad del cultivo, que incluya el diseño alternativo de un poste que sustituya a los postes de madera. Diseño/metodología/aproximación: Revisar las etapas, insumos requeridos y los procesos para erigir el “tapanco”. Escudriñar sobre su diseño base; que es una copia sin modificaciones significativas de instalaciones vecinas. Delimitar áreas de impacto en función de su diseño y su resistencia estructural. Formular innovaciones en la construcción y unidades de apuntalamiento. Resultados: La estabilidad de la construcción tradicional está comprometida sobre toda la sección perimetral. La construcción modular está configurada por una serie de módulos pequeños, con un tamaño mínimo para abarcar una planta de chayote, que soporte el volumen del follaje que logra generar cada planta y de su producción potencial de frutos. Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: El poste de soporte alterno ha sido diseñado para ser fabricado en una sola pieza. Una empresa que transforma productos de polímero esta valorando la viabilidad para elaborar el poste y su costo probable. Hallazgos/conclusiones: La estructura modular es sencilla de emplazar, distribuye la carga por secciones, sin afectar su estabilidad y la superficie de producción puede ampliarse al ensamblar uno o varios módulos junto al adyacente inmediato y se optimiza la configuración irregular del terreno. Los beneficios del tapanco modular están asociados con la utilización del poste de soporte alternativo

Assessing the burden of paediatric influenza in Europe: the European Paediatric Influenza Analysis (EPIA) project

The European Paediatric Influenza Analysis (EPIA) project is a multi-country project that was created to collect, analyse and present data regarding the paediatric influenza burden in European countries, with the purpose of providing the necessary information to make evidence-based decisions regarding influenza immunisation recommendations for children. The initial approach taken is based on existing weekly virological and age-specific influenza-like illness (ILI) data from surveillance networks across Europe. We use a multiple regression model guided by longitudinal weekly patterns of influenza virus to attribute the weekly ILI consultation incidence pattern to each influenza (sub)type, while controlling for the effect of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) epidemics. Modelling the ILI consultation incidence during 2002/2003–2008 revealed that influenza infections that presented for medical attention as ILI affected between 0.3% and 9.8% of children aged 0–4 and 5–14 years in England, Italy, The Netherlands and Spain in an average season. With the exception of Spain, these rates were always higher in children aged 0–4 years. Across the six seasons analysed (five seasons were analysed from the Italian data), the model attributed 47–83% of the ILI burden in primary care to influenza virus infection in the various countries, with the A(H3N2) virus playing the most important role, followed by influenza viruses B and A(H1N1). National season averages from the four countries studied indicated that between 0.4% and 18% of children consulted a physician for ILI, with the percentage depending on the country and health care system. Influenza virus infections explained the majority of paediatric ILI consultations in all countries. The next step will be to apply the EPIA modelling approach to severe outcomes indicators (i.e. hospitalisations and mortality data) to generate a complete range of mild and severe influenza burden estimates needed for decision making concerning paediatric influenza vaccination

HETDEX Public Source Catalog 1: 220K Sources Including Over 50K Lyman Alpha Emitters from an Untargeted Wide-area Spectroscopic Survey

We present the first publicly released catalog of sources obtained from the Hobby-Eberly Telescope Dark Energy Experiment (HETDEX). HETDEX is an integral field spectroscopic survey designed to measure the Hubble expansion parameter and angular diameter distance at 1.88<z<3.52 by using the spatial distribution of more than a million Ly-alpha-emitting galaxies over a total target area of 540 deg^2. The catalog comes from contiguous fiber spectra coverage of 25 deg^2 of sky from January 2017 through June 2020, where object detection is performed through two complementary detection methods: one designed to search for line emission and the other a search for continuum emission. The HETDEX public release catalog is dominated by emission-line galaxies and includes 51,863 Ly{\alpha}-emitting galaxy (LAE) identifications and 123,891 OII-emitting galaxies at z<0.5. Also included in the catalog are 37,916 stars, 5274 low-redshift (z<0.5) galaxies without emission lines, and 4976 active galactic nuclei. The catalog provides sky coordinates, redshifts, line identifications, classification information, line fluxes, OII and Ly-alpha line luminosities where applicable, and spectra for all identified sources processed by the HETDEX detection pipeline. Extensive testing demonstrates that HETDEX redshifts agree to within deltaz < 0.02, 96.1% of the time to those in external spectroscopic catalogs. We measure the photometric counterpart fraction in deep ancillary Hyper Suprime-Cam imaging and find that only 55.5% of the LAE sample has an r-band continuum counterpart down to a limiting magnitude of r~26.2 mag (AB) indicating that an LAE search of similar sensitivity with photometric pre-selection would miss nearly half of the HETDEX LAE catalog sample. Data access and details about the catalog can be found online at http://hetdex.org/.Comment: 38 pages, 20 figures. Data access and details about the catalog can be found online at http://hetdex.org/. A copy of the catalogs presented in this work (Version 3.2) is available to download at Zenodo doi:10.5281/zenodo.744850

The impact of PICALM genetic variations on reserve capacity of posterior cingulate in AD continuum

Phosphatidylinositolbinding clathrin assembly protein (PICALM) gene is one novel genetic player associated with late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD), based on recent genome wide association studies (GWAS). However, how it affects AD occurrence is still unknown. Brain reserve hypothesis highlights the tolerant capacities of brain as a passive means to fight against neurodegenerations. Here, we took the baseline volume and/or thickness of LOAD-associated brain regions as proxies of brain reserve capacities and investigated whether PICALM genetic variations can influence the baseline reserve capacities and the longitudinal atrophy rate of these specific regions using data from Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset. In mixed population, we found that brain region significantly affected by PICALM genetic variations was majorly restricted to posterior cingulate. In sub-population analysis, we found that one PICALM variation (C allele of rs642949) was associated with larger baseline thickness of posterior cingulate in health. We found seven variations in health and two variations (rs543293 and rs592297) in individuals with mild cognitive impairment were associated with slower atrophy rate of posterior cingulate. Our study provided preliminary evidences supporting that PICALM variations render protections by facilitating reserve capacities of posterior cingulate in non-demented elderly

Early role of vascular dysregulation on late-onset Alzheimer's disease based on multifactorial data-driven analysis

Multifactorial mechanisms underlying late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) are poorly characterized from an integrative perspective. Here spatiotemporal alterations in brain amyloid-β deposition, metabolism, vascular, functional activity at rest, structural properties, cognitive integrity and peripheral proteins levels are characterized in relation to LOAD progression. We analyse over 7,700 brain images and tens of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Through a multifactorial data-driven analysis, we obtain dynamic LOAD–abnormality indices for all biomarkers, and a tentative temporal ordering of disease progression. Imaging results suggest that intra-brain vascular dysregulation is an early pathological event during disease development. Cognitive decline is noticeable from initial LOAD stages, suggesting early memory deficit associated with the primary disease factors. High abnormality levels are also observed for specific proteins associated with the vascular system's integrity. Although still subjected to the sensitivity of the algorithms and biomarkers employed, our results might contribute to the development of preventive therapeutic interventions