ANÁLISE SOBRE QUESTÕES DE GÊNERO NO CURSO DE MESTRADO PROFISSIONAL DE FÍSICA E MATEMÁTICA

International audienceIn this paper, we present an analysis on gender issues a Professional master's degree course in physics and mathematics, an institution of higher education, located within the State of Rio Grande do Sul - RS, Brazil. The study was conducted from the empirical data collected in the period from 2004 to 2014, which were obtained in the archives of the clerk of the course. In this context, identified 114 academics seniors of their master's degree. The theoretical framework presented seeks dialogue with some authors, which promote reflections related to thematic and punctuate possible cultural influences from different eras in social, cultural and educational relations. The survey results demonstrate the significant presence of female gender in educational and scientific careers, demonstrating the interest of this group with the appointment of vocational training, which seek to exercise their functions with educational quality. With this in mind, we present a paradigmatic resilience of the female gender, demystifying the hegemony of the masculine gender in the exact sciences.Neste trabalho, apresentamos uma análise sobre questões de gênero de um curso de Mestrado Profissional de Física e Matemática, de uma Instituição de Ensino Superior, localizada no interior do estado do Rio Grande do Sul – RS, Brasil. O estudo foi realizado a partir dos dados empíricos coletados no período de 2004 a 2014, os quais foram obtidos nos arquivos da secretaria do curso. Neste contexto, identificou-se 114 acadêmicos concluintes do respectivo curso de mestrado. O quadro teórico apresentado busca dialogar com alguns autores, os quais promovem reflexões relacionadas à temática e pontuam possíveis influências culturais de diferentes épocas nas relações sociais, culturais e educacionais. Os resultados da pesquisa evidenciam a presença significativa do gênero feminino nas carreiras educativas e científicas, demonstrando o interesse deste grupo com o compromisso da formação profissional, as quais buscam exercer suas funções educativas com qualidade. Nesta perspectiva, apresentamos uma superação paradigmática do gênero feminino, desmistificando a hegemonia do gênero masculino nas ciências exatas

Exposure of young rats to diphenyl ditelluride during lactation affects the homeostasis of the cytoskeleton in neural cells from striatum and cerebellum

AbstractIn the present report we examined the effect of maternal exposure to diphenyl ditelluride (PhTe)2 (0.01mg/kg body weight) during the first 14 days of lactational period on the activity of some protein kinases targeting the cytoskeleton of striatum and cerebellum of their offspring. We analyzed the phosphorylating system associated with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neurofilament of low, medium and high molecular weight (NF-L, NF-M and NF-H, respectively) of pups on PND 15, 21, 30 and 45. We found that (PhTe)2 induced hyperphosphorylation of all the proteins studied on PND 15 and 21, recovering control values on PND 30 and 45. The immunocontent of GFAP, NF-L, NF-M and NF-H in the cerebellum of 15-day-old pups was increased. Western blot assays showed activation/phosphorylation of Erk1/2 on PND 21 and activation/phosphorylation of JNK on PND 15. Otherwise, p38MAPK was not activated in the striatum of (PhTe)2 exposed pups. On the other hand, the cerebellum of pups exposed to (PhTe)2 presented activated/phosphorylated Erk1/2 on PND 15 and 21 as well as activated/phosphorylated p38MAPK on PND 21, while JNK was not activated. Western blot assays showed that both in the striatum and in the cerebellum of (PhTe)2 exposed pups, the immunocontent of the catalytic subunit of PKA (PKAcα) was increased on PND 15. Western blot showed that the phosphorylation level of NF-L Ser55 and NF-M/NF-H KSP repeats was increased in the striatum and cerebellum of both 15- and 21-day-old pups exposed to (PhTe)2. Diphenyl diselenide (PhSe)2, the selenium analog of (PhTe)2, prevented (PhTe)2-induced hyperphosphorylation of striatal intermediate filament (IF) proteins but it failed to prevent the action of (PhTe)2 in cerebellum. Western blot assay showed that the (PhSe)2 prevented activation/phosphorylation of Erk1/2, JNK and PKAcα but did not prevent the stimulatory effect of (PhTe)2 on p38MAPK in cerebellum at PND 21. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that dam exposure to low doses of (PhTe)2 can alter cellular signaling targeting the cytoskeleton of striatum and cerebellum in the offspring in a spatiotemporal manner, which can be related to the neurotoxic effects of (PhTe)2

Asociación del estado del ácido fólico materno y trastorno del espectro autista

El ácido fólico (AF) es una vitamina esencial del complejo B que cumple funciones en la síntesis de ácidos nucleicos, la metilación del ácido desoxirribonucleico (ADN) y la reparación, importante para el desarrollo y crecimiento humano. El ácido fólico en su forma de folato es utilizado para la suplementación. (1) A inicios de la década del ’90 se demostró que los suplementos de ácido fólico periconcepcionales prevenían entre el 50 y el 70 % de los defectos del tubo neural. (2) Se ha planteado e investigado que el estado materno de ácido fólico durante el embarazo, tanto en deficiencia o en exceso, puede estar vinculado con el riesgo de autismo. (3,4) La Organización Mundial de Salud (OMS) recomienda desde tres meses previos a la concepción y hasta cumplidas las primeras 7 semanas de embarazo (5), la suplementación con ácido fólico en una dosis de 0,4 mg (400 ug) por día, para prevenir defectos del tubo neural como la anencefalia y la espina bífida, entre otros, sin embargo, se plantea también la relación con el desarrollo del Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA). (6) Al momento de planificar un embarazo, o una vez que se conoce de un embarazo en curso, la recomendación es aportar el ácido fólico a través de la suplementación. (5) Esto último se debe a que se toma en consideración que las fuentes alimentarias se encuentran en alimentos de origen animal (como hígado y riñón) y origen vegetal (legumbres, cereales integrales y vegetales frescos), y que a nivel mundial y nacional las personas no cumplen con las recomendaciones de consumo de vegetales frescos (7,8). Por lo que se considera oportuno en el desarrollo de este trabajo hacer mayor hincapié en factores nutricionales para determinar la asociación del estado materno del ácido fólico con el TEA. El TEA se refiere a una afectación del neurodesarrollo definido por una serie de características del comportamiento, con implicancia multidimensional, caracterizada de acuerdo al DSM-5 (Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de Trastornos Mentales, quinta edición) por una interacción social disminuida en conjunto a la deficiente comunicación a través del lenguaje verbal y no verbal, e inflexibilidad en el comportamiento al presentar conductas repetitivas e intereses restringidos. (9) Como principales mecanismos en la etiología del TEA se han postulado la interacción entre los factores genéticos predisponentes y los ambientales.(10) Sin embargo, los diferentes orígenes y la variación en la expresión de este trastorno no permiten hablar de un mecanismo patogénico único y aceptable. La incidencia de complicaciones prenatales y perinatales en niños con autismo aumenta en comparación a niños sin este trastorno. Las complicaciones más frecuentes corresponden a: meconio en el líquido amniótico, hemorragias durante la gestación y toma de hormonas por prescripción médica, y entre los factores de parte de los progenitores corresponde a la edad avanzada de ambos y el lugar de nacimiento de la madre. (12) Además, a partir de estudios epidemiológicos realizados se conoce que fármacos, metabolitos, toxinas y nutrientes incrementan el riesgo de este trastorno, especialmente en el periodo prenatal. Recientemente el interés se ubica más allá del cerebro, se ha propuesto que el sistema inmune y el eje cerebro-intestino-micro-bioma desempeña un papel considerable. (11) Las manifestaciones del TEA son muy variadas entre las personas y a lo largo del tiempo, conforme al crecimiento y maduración de las personas. (13) En la actualidad la creciente identificación del TEA, sumado al impacto de esta condición en las familias y en el sistema de salud, requiere la necesidad de un abordaje científico, clínico y de salud pública. Se conoce que intervenir en la detección, diagnóstico y tratamiento temprano logra mejorar el pronóstico significativamente de personas con TEA . (13) Según la Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría (SAP), si bien aún no contamos con estadísticas nacionales, se estima que la prevalencia de los TEA es del 1%. Es cinco veces más frecuente en niños que en niñas y aparece por igual en todas las clases sociales y culturas, (14) tratándose de un trastorno de alta prevalencia e incidencia, que ha sido subdiagnosticado en las últimas décadas. Cabe mencionar tal como lo hace actualmente la OMS “la prevalencia del autismo en muchos países de ingresos bajos y medianos es hasta ahora desconocida”. (15) Argentina cuenta con diversos lugares de contención, orientación, apoyo y asesoría con el objetivo de mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas con autismo y de sus familias, como las entidades civiles sin fines de lucro: Asociación Argentina de Padres de Autistas (APAdeA) (16), la Asociación Civil “Programa Argentino para Niños, Adolescentes y Adultos con Condición del Espectro Autista” (PANAACEA) (17) y el grupo Red Espectro Autista (RedEA).Licenciado en NutriciónUniversidad Nacional de La PlataFacultad de Ciencias Médica

Dual action of chronic ethanol treatment on LPS-induced response in C6 glioma cells

AbstractIn this study we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of chronic ethanol (EtOH) treatment on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated C6 glioma cells. The cells were chronically treated with 200mM EtOH; coincubation with LPS and EtOH was obtained upon addition of 2μg/ml LPS to the incubation medium in the last 24h of EtOH exposure. We found that EtOH prevented the LPS-induced production of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) without decreasing cell viability. Either LPS treated or EtOH plus LPS treated cells presented upregulated glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and downregulated vimentin levels characterizing a program of reactive astrogliosis. Also, EtOH plus LPS stimulation greatly increased the oxidative stress generation evaluated by DCF-DA measurement, while either EtOH alone or LPS alone was unable to induce oxidative stress. Western blot analysis indicated that either EtOH, LPS or EtOH plus LPS treatments are unable to affect Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway. However, LPS alone and EtOH plus LPS co-treatment inhibited Erk phosphorylation. A dramatic loss of stress fibers was found in EtOH exposed cells, evaluated by cytochemistry using phalloidin-fluorescein. However, LPS alone was not able to disrupt actin organization. Furthermore, cells co-incubated with LPS and EtOH presented reversion of the disrupted stress fibers provoked by EtOH. Supporting this action, RhoA and vinculin immunocontent were upregulated in response to EtOH plus LPS. Interestingly, EtOH suppresses the inflammatory cascade (TNFα production) in response to LPS. Concomitantly it sustains Erk inhibition, increases oxidative stress generation and induces reactive astrogliosis in the presence of LPS, conditions associated with neurotoxicity. The effects observed were not supported by actin reorganization. Altogether, these findings suggest that Erk signaling inhibition could play a role in both suppressing TNFα production and inducing oxidative stress generation and astrogliosis, therefore modulating a dual action of EtOH plus LPS in glial cells

Representações Sociais que permeiam a formação inicial de futuros professores sobre "Ser Professor de Ciências"

Este estudo teve como propósito investigar como a formação inicial docente pode interferir nas possíveis Representações Sociais (RS) sobre "Ser Professor de Ciências". Participaram da pesquisa 16 licenciandos do primeiro e último ano de um curso de Ciências de uma universidade pública brasileira localizada na região sul do país. Para a coleta dos dados foi utilizada a evocação livre de palavras, concentrando a análise no núcleo central das representações e entrevista com grupo focal, a qual permitiu maior aprofundamento da análise. Enfim, identificamos que apesar da insegurança em relacionar conceitos pedagógicos e científicos, esses licenciandos consideram que ser professor de ciências está atrelado a um conjunto de fatores, como ser dinâmico, criativo e reflexivo

Relação entre perfil psicomotor e estilo de vida de crianças de escolas do município de João Pessoa, PB

The purpose of the study was to assess whether schoolchildren psychomotor development is related to lifestyle - the latter estimated by performance of school and non-school leisure activities. Seventy-four children (38 girls, 36 boys) aged 9 to 12 (10.5±1.2) years old were selected among those enrolled in public and private schools in João Pessoa, PB. They were assessed by means of the Picq & Vayer test battery and by a questionnaire on school and non-school leisure activities. Results show that, among the 74 sample children, 63 (85%) presented developmental disorder, mostly attending public schools. Among school activities, 35% of children with delay said they"do nothing" during recreation; among typical-development children, none said doing nothing and 36% said they practised sport (vs 5% of disordered children). As to non-school activities, television, internet and electronic games were singled out as favourites by 44.3% of children with delay, and by none among typical ones. The fact that children with psychomotor disorders preferably engage in less lively, physical, activities suggests an association between lifestyle and psychomotor profile.O objetivo do estudo foi comparar o grau de desenvolvimento psicomotor e o estilo de vida de crianças matriculadas nas redes pública e privada de ensino do município de João Pessoa, PB. O estilo de vida foi estimado pelo desempenho de atividades escolares e não-escolares. Participaram do estudo 74 crianças de 9 a 12 anos (10,5±1,2 anos), 38 meninas e 36 meninos. Para avaliação, foi aplicada a bateria de testes psicomotores de Picq e Vayer e um formulário com questões sobre atividades desempenhadas na escola e fora dela. Os dados revelam que, das 74 crianças avaliadas, 63 (85%) apresentavam distúrbios no desenvolvimento psicomotor, com maior incidência nas escolas da rede pública. Dentre as atividades escolares, 35% das crianças com distúrbio psicomotor indicaram não fazer atividade alguma no recreio; das que apresentaram desenvolvimento típico, nenhuma disse não fazer atividade alguma e 36% indicaram fazer esporte (contra 5% daquelas com distúrbio); quanto às atividades não-escolares, televisão, jogos eletrônicos e internet foram apontadas como preferidas por 44,3% das crianças com distúrbio, e por nenhuma com desenvolvimento típico. A preferência das crianças que apresentaram distúrbio por atividades mais estáticas sugere associação entre estilo de vida e perfil psicomotor

Pregnancy as a risk factor for severe influenza infection: an individual participant data meta-analysis

Background: WHO identifies pregnant women to be at increased risk for severe outcomes from influenza virus infections and recommends that they be prioritized for influenza vaccination. The evidence supporting this, however, is inconsistent. Ecologic studies in particular suggest more severe outcomes from influenza infection during pregnancy than studies based on individual patient data. Individual studies however may be underpowered and, as reported in a previous systematic review, confounding factors could not be adjusted for. We therefore conducted an individual participant data meta-analysis to assess the risk for severe outcomes of influenza infection in pregnant women while adjusting for other prognostic factors. Methods: We contacted authors of studies included in a recently published systematic review. We pooled the individual participant data of women of reproductive age and laboratory confirmation of influenza virus infection. We used a generalized linear mixed model and reported odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: A total of 33 datasets with data on 186,656 individuals were available, including 36,498 eligible women of reproductive age and known pregnancy status. In the multivariable model, pregnancy was associated with a 7 times higher risk of hospital admission (OR 6.80, 95%CI 6.02–7.68), among patients receiving medical care as in- or outpatients, pregnancy was associated with a lower risk of admission to intensive care units (ICU; OR 0.57, 95%CI 0.48–0.69), and was not significantly associated with death (OR 1.00, 95%CI 0.75–1.34). Conclusions: Our study found a higher risk of influenza associated hospitalization among pregnant women as compared to non-pregnant women. We did not find a higher mortality rate or higher likelihood of ICU admission among pregnant women who sought medical care. However, this study did not address whether a true community based cohort of pregnant women is at higher risk of influenza associated complications.Fil: Mertz, Dominik. Mc Master University; CanadáFil: Lo, Calvin Ka Fung. Mc Master University; CanadáFil: Lytvyn, Lyubov. Mc Master University; CanadáFil: Ortiz, Justin R.. Organizacion Mundial de la Salud; ArgentinaFil: Loeb, Mark. Mc Master University; CanadáFil: Ang, Li Wei. Ministry of Health; SingapurFil: Anlikumar, Mehta Asmita. Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham; IndiaFil: Bonmarin, Isabelle. Santé publique; FranciaFil: Borja Aburto, Victor Hugo. Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social; MéxicoFil: Burgmann, Heinz. Medical University Vienna; AustriaFil: Carratalà, Jordi. Universidad de Barcelona; España. Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge; España. Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases; EspañaFil: Chowell, Gerardo. Georgia State University; Estados Unidos. National Institutes of Health; Estados UnidosFil: Cilloniz, Catia. Universidad de Barcelona; España. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer; EspañaFil: Cohen, Jessica. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Estados UnidosFil: Cutter, Jeffery. Ministry of Health; SingapurFil: Filleul, Laurent. Santé publique; Francia. French National Public Health Agency; FranciaFil: Garg, Shikha. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Estados UnidosFil: Geis, Steffen. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; Reino UnidoFil: Helferty, Melissa. Public Health Agency; CanadáFil: Huang, Wan Ting. Taiwan Centers for Disease Control; ChinaFil: Jain, Seema. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Estados UnidosFil: Sevic, Biljana Joves. Institute for Pulmonary Diseases of Vojvodina; SerbiaFil: Kelly, Paul. Australian Capital Territory Health Directorate; Australia. Australian National University Medical School; AustraliaFil: Kusznierz, Gabriela. Dirección Nacional de Instituto de Investigación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Instituto de Salud "Dr. C. G. Malbran". Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias; ArgentinaFil: Lehners, Nicola. Ruprecht Karls Universitat Heidelberg; AlemaniaFil: Lenzi, Luana. Universidade Federal do Paraná; BrasilFil: Ling, Ivan T.. Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital; AustraliaFil: Mitchell, Robyn. Public Health Agency; CanadáFil: Mulrennan, Siobhain A.. Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital; Canadá. University of Western Australia; AustraliaFil: Nishioka, Sergio A.. Ministerio de Salud de Brasil; BrasilFil: Norton, Robert. Townsville Hospital; AustraliaFil: Oh, Won Sup. Kangwon National University School of Medicine; Corea del SurFil: Orellano, Pablo Wenceslao. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Surgery for fistula-in-ano in a specialist colorectal unit: a critical appraisal

ABSTRACT

Study protocol for the multicentre cohorts of Zika virus infection in pregnant women, infants, and acute clinical cases in Latin America and the Caribbean: The ZIKAlliance consortium

Background: The European Commission (EC) Horizon 2020 (H2020)-funded ZIKAlliance Consortium designed a multicentre study including pregnant women (PW), children (CH) and natural history (NH) cohorts. Clinical sites were selected over a wide geographic range within Latin America and the Caribbean, taking into account the dynamic course of the ZIKV epidemic. Methods: Recruitment to the PW cohort will take place in antenatal care clinics. PW will be enrolled regardless of symptoms and followed over the course of pregnancy, approximately every 4 weeks. PW will be revisited at delivery (or after miscarriage/abortion) to assess birth outcomes, including microcephaly and other congenital abnormalities according to the evolving definition of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). After birth, children will be followed for 2 years in the CH cohort. Follow-up visits are scheduled at ages 1-3, 4-6, 12, and 24 months to assess neurocognitive and developmental milestones. In addition, a NH cohort for the characterization of symptomatic rash/fever illness was designed, including follow-up to capture persisting health problems. Blood, urine, and other biological materials will be collected, and tested for ZIKV and other relevant arboviral diseases (dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever) using RT-PCR or serological methods. A virtual, decentralized biobank will be created. Reciprocal clinical monitoring has been established between partner sites. Substudies of ZIKV seroprevalence, transmissio