Sudan: African Islam and Arab Islam? Dichotomy of Islam, Islam and Sufism

El análisis del islam en Sudán muestra la gran variedad de aproximaciones al objeto de estudio, la diversidad de sus lecturas y el reiterado recurso a los principios religiosos para justificar o legitimar las cuestiones políticas y de Estado. El islam sudanés, en sus diferentes manifestaciones, ha traspasado las fronteras nacionales y ha contribuido al islam africano, árabe y mundial. Eso desde el siglo XIX cuando surgió un primer proto-estado islámico de la mano de esa figura mesiánica que fue Muhammad Ahmad Ibn Abdallah, el Mahdi, hasta el pensador y hombre de Estado Hasan al-Turabi en pleno siglo XX. Analizaremos tres dimensiones: el islam reformista de Mahmud Muhammad Taha, el islamismo sudanés conducido por al-Turabi y el papel del sufismo en la religiosidad popular y en la política sudanesa, y su reciente confrontación con las tendencias salafíes activas en el país en lo que parece ser una nueva lucha por el espacio socioreligioso del siglo XXI.The analysis of Islam in Sudan shows the great variety of approaches to the object of study, the diversity of its readings and the repeated recourse to religious principles to justify or legitimize political and State issues. Sudanese Islam, in its different manifestations, has crossed national borders and has contributed to African, Arab and world Islam. This has been like this since the first Islamic proto-state emerged in the Nineteenth century at the hands of the messianic figure who was Muhammad Ahmad Ibn Abdallah, the Mahdi until the thinker and statesman Hasan al-Turabi in the Twentieth century. Three dimensions will be analyzed: the reformist Islam of Mahmud Muhammad Taha, the Sudanese Islamism led by al-Turabi and the role of Sufism in popular religiosity and Sudanese politics, and finally the recent confrontation with the Salafi tendencies active in the country in what seems to be a new struggle for the socio-religious space of the 21st century

Sharia and Muslim Identity. A well-matched couple

Este artículo examina los vínculos existentes entre sharía e identidad en algunas sociedades mayoritariamente musulmanas, así como los debates en los espacios públicos y las manifestaciones en defensa de la aplicación de la legislación islámica. Analiza igualmente el recurso a la sharía por parte de diferentes actores sociopolíticos, incluidos regímenes árabes en determinadas coyunturas, al igual que su inclusión en discursos abiertamente islamófobos en sociedades occidentales con presencia de minorías musulmanas.This paper examines the links between Shariah and identity in some predominantly muslim societies, as well as debates in public spaces and demonstrations in defence of the application of Islamic law. It also analyses the use of Sharia law by different socio-political actors, including several Arab regimes at certain junctures, as well as the inclusion of Sharia law in openly Islamophobic discourses in Western societies with the presence of Muslim minorities

Dimethylformamide Impurities as Propylene Polymerization Inhibito

This research study examined how the use of dimethylformamide (DMF) as an inhibitor af fects the propylene polymerization process when using a Ziegler–Natta catalyst. Several experiments were carried out using TiCl4/MgCl2 as a catalyst, aluminum trialkyl as a cocatalyst, and different amounts of DMF. Then, we analyzed how DMF influences other aspects of the process, such as catalyst activity, molecular weight, and the number of branches in the polymer chains obtained, using experimental and computational methods. The results revealed that as the DMF/Ti ratio increases, the catalyst activity decreases. From a concentration of 5.11 ppm of DMF, a decrease in catalyst activity was observed, ranging from 45 TM/Kg to 44 TM/Kg. When the DMF concentration was increased to 40.23 ppm, the catalyst activity decreased to 43 TM/Kg, and with 75.32 ppm, it dropped even further to 39 TM/Kg. The highest concentration of DMF evaluated, 89.92 ppm, resulted in a catalyst productivity of 36.5 TM/Kg and lost productivity of 22%. In addition, significant changes in the polymer’s melt flow index (MFI) were noted as the DMF concentration increased. When 89.92 ppm of DMF was added, the MFI loss was 75%, indicating a higher flowability of the poly mer. In this study, it was found that dimethylformamide (DMF) exhibits a strong affinity for the titanium center of a Ziegler–Natta (ZN) catalyst, with an adsorption energy (Ead) of approximately −46.157 kcal/mol, indicating a robust interaction. This affinity is significantly higher compared to propylene, which has an Ead of approximately −5.2 kcal/mol. The study also revealed that the energy gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of DMF and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (SOMO) of the Ziegler–Natta (ZN) catalyst is energetically favorable, with a value of approximately 0.311 eV.Universidad Tecnológica de Bolivar, Universidad de Cartagena, Universidad de la Cost

Parts per Million of Propanol and Arsine as Responsible for the Poisoning of the Propylene Polymerization Reactio

Polypropylene synthesis is a critical process in the plastics industry, where control of catalytic activity is essential to ensure the quality and performance of the final product. In this study, the effect of two inhibitors, propanol and arsine, on the properties of synthesized polypropylene was investigated. Experiments were conducted using a conventional catalyst to polymerize propylene, and different concentrations of propanol and arsine were incorporated into the process. The results revealed that the addition of propanol led to a significant decrease in the Melt Flow Index (MFI) of the resulting polypropylene. The reduction in the MFI was most notable at a concentration of 62.33 ppm propanol, suggesting that propanol acts as an effective inhibitor by slowing down the polymerization rate and thus reducing the fluidity of the molten polypropylene. On the other hand, introducing arsine as an inhibitor increased the MFI of polypropylene. The maximum increase in the MFI was observed at a concentration of 0.035 ppm arsine. This suggests that small amounts of arsine affect the MFI and Mw of the produced PP. Regarding the catalyst productivity, it was found that as the concentration of propanol in the sample increased (approximately seven ppm), there was a decrease in productivity from 45 TM/kg to 44 TM/kg. Starting from 10 ppm, productivity continued to decline, reaching its lowest point at 52 ppm, with only 35 MT/kg. In the case of arsine, changes in catalyst productivity were observed at lower concentrations than with propanol. Starting from about 0.006 ppm, productivity decreased, reaching 39 MT/kg at a concentration of 0.024 ppm and further decreasing to 36 TM/kg with 0.0036 ppm. Computational analysis supported the experimental findings, indicating that arsine adsorbs more stably to the catalyst with an energy of −60.8 Kcal/mol, compared to propanol (−46.17 Kcal/mol) and isobutyl (−33.13 Kcal/mol). Analyses of HOMO and LUMO orbitals, as well as reactivity descriptors, such as electronegativity, chemical potential, and nucleophilicity, shed light on the potential interactions and chemical reactions involving inhibitors. Generated maps of molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) illustrated the charge distribution within the studied molecules, further contributing to the understanding of their reactivity. The computational results supported the experimental findings and provided additional information on the molecular interactions between the inhibitors and the catalyst, shedding light on the possible modes of inhibition. Solubles in xylene values indicate that both propanol and arsine affect the polymer’s morphology, which may have significant implications for its properties and final applications

El biodeterioro en el museo

Not available.<br><br>El biodeterioro de un soporte histórico es un fenómeno complejo que implica alteraciones de las propiedades físico-químicas y mecánicas del material por acción de organismos biológicos. A ello hay que añadir las modificaciones del aspecto estético que se producen en los objetos afectados. La intensidad de las alteraciones se produce en función de los componentes de los soportes y de las condiciones ambientales.&#13; Gran parte de las colecciones que se exhiben en los museos son de naturaleza orgánica, caracterizándose por su alta higroscopicidad. Ello implica un significativo incremento del contenido de humedad del soporte, especialmente, cuando los objetos son expuestos a una insuficiente ventilación y a una humedad relativa superior al 65%. Bajo estas condiciones, numerosos materiales quedan expuestos al desarrollo de especies de microorganismos. A esta problemática, se une frecuentemente la presencia de insectos que pueden contribuir a la pérdida irreparable de piezas históricas en un breve periodo de tiempo

Theoretical study of the dynamics and kinetics of the O + CS → CO + S chemical laser reaction, where CO shows a very high vibrational excitation

The dynamics and kinetics of the O(3P) + CS(X1sigma+) → CO(X1sigma+) + S(3P) chemical laser reaction was studied theoretically in detail for the first time, as a function of collision energy (0.0388-2.0 eV) and rovibrational excitation of CS. This was made using the quasi-classical trajectory (QCT) method and employing the best ab initio analytical ground potential energy surface (1 3A' PES) available. A broad set of properties was determined, including scalar and vector properties, and the reaction mode. The behaviors observed and the considerable formation of OCS collision complexes were interpreted from some characteristics of the PES (early barrier, shallow minimum in the exit channel, and high exoergicity (mainly channeled into CO vibration; up to ≈81% of the available energy) and the kinematics. The QCT vibrational and rotational CO populations and the vector properties show a quite good agreement with experiments, but the QCT rate constants disagree. To better account for the kinetics, we performed CASPT2/aug-cc-pVTZ ab initio calculations on the stationary points along the minimum energy path of the ground and first excited (1 3A'') PESs. The transition state theory, which can be satisfactorily applied here, leads to rate constants (100-2000 K) that are quite close to the measured ones, where comparison is possible (150-300 K). We expect that these results will encourage further theoretical and experimental developments

Peasant strategies for the use and conservation of native corn in Juchitepec, Estado de México

ABSTRACT Objective: To gather some knowledge on maize landraces evolution within Juchitepec municipality, as well as describe and analyze those strategies carried out by peasant families in its use and conservation. Design/methodology/approach: A survey on 20 farmers from Juchitepec municipality was carried out, they were randomly sampled from “Producción para el bienestar” state program beneficiaries list. Additionally, a series of key informants semi-structured interviews were taken prior to the survey in order to address the main topics of importance in relation to maize within the region. Results: The studied population presented an advanced age (=61), nonetheless some young farmers has an important role within their production units. 75% own less than 6 Ha, mostly on ejido land. 89% maintains maize landraces cultivation. This task is achieved through adapting their practices and knowledge to specific conditions on cropfields. Some adjustments are made i.e.: changing sowing date, using different varieties or species, alternating crop fields. 17% grows hybrid maize varieties. Two native introduced landraces were identified, Ancho y Cacahuacintle, as a way of improving farmers’ income. Some practices like the “de dos” cultivation are suffering changes as a result of machinery and economic resources availability. 100% of farmers use chemical fertilizers and herbicides. Commercialization of corn husk is an important economic activity. Seed exchange is frecuent, commonly between same community members. Ozumba market represents an important commercialization channel for native maize. Government settled prices for maize in 2019 weren´t high enough for native maize. Juchitepec farmers don´t get organized for maize production purposes. 65% consider themselves campesinos. Limitations on study/implications: Local agrarian system studies focused on peasant strategies should consider changes in behavior of peasants under different circumstances in order to better understand its adaptability. Findings/conclusions: Native maize survives within Juchitepec region sustained by peasants through knowledge and strategies applied on the reproduction and recreation of this varieties. Peasant strategies strengthen native maize conservation. Keywords: in situ conservation, plant genetic resources, traditional knowledgeObjective: To determine the evolution that native corn has had in the municipality of Juchitepec, as well as to describe and analyze the strategies that peasants families are currently implementing for its use and conservation. Design/methodology/approach: A survey was carried out with 20 peasants in the municipality of Juchitepec, chosen from a random sample obtained from the register of the Producción para el Bienestar program. Additionally, a series of semi-structured interviews were conducted with key informants, in order to identify the most important issues around corn in the region. Results: An elderly population was found (=61), but with some young people working decisively in its production units. Seventy-five percent own less than 6 ha, mostly communal land property. Eighty-nine percent of the farmers interviewed continue to grow native corn. They achieve this by adapting their practices and knowledge to the soil and climate conditions of their plots, modifying, for example, the sowing date, the variety or species cultivated, and the place of cultivation. Seventeen percent grow hybrid corn. Two native varieties have recently been introduced as a strategy to obtain greater profitability: ancho and cacahuacintle. Some practices are being modified based on the equipment and the economic resources available, such as the “de dos” labor that only 50% of the farmers carry out. Eighty percent do not have agricultural equipment. The use of chemical fertilizers and herbicides is widespread. The sale of corn husks is an economically important activity. Peasants frequently exchange seeds, usually with other members of their own community. The Ozumba market represents a vitally important marketing channel for native corn. The guaranteed prices established in 2019 were low for this type of corn. Peasants are not formally organized for corn cultivation. Sixty-five percent consider themselves peasants. Study limitations/implications: The study of local agrarian systems with a focus on peasant strategies should contemplate acting under different circumstances, preferably in several work cycles, to better understand their adaptability. Findings/conclusions: Native corn survives in the region, preserved in a socio-productive system based on peasant knowledges, strategies and socio-technical practices that enable its reproduction and recreation. Peasant strategies for the cultivation and use of these corns strengthen their conservation

Myocardial injury determination improves risk stratification and predicts mortality in COVID-19 patients

Background: Despite being associated with worse prognosis in patients with COVID-19, systematic determination of myocardial injury is not recommended. The aim of the study was to study the effect of myocardial injury assessment on risk stratification of COVID-19 patients.Methods: Seven hundred seven consecutive adult patients admitted to a large tertiary hospital with confirmed COVID-19 were included. Demographic data, comorbidities, laboratory results and clinical outcomes were recorded. Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) was calculated in order to quantify the degree of comorbidities. Independent association of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) increase with outcomes was evaluated by multivariate regression analyses and area under curve. In addition, propensity-score matching was performed to assemble a cohort of patients with similar baseline characteristics.Results: In the matched cohort (mean age 66.76 ± 15.7 years, 37.3% females), cTnI increase above the upper limit was present in 20.9% of the population and was associated with worse clinical outcomes, including all-cause mortality within 30 days (45.1% vs. 23.2%; p = 0.005). The addition of cTnI to a multivariate prediction model showed a significant improvement in the area under the time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve (0.775 vs. 0.756, DC-statistic = 0.019; 95% confidence interval 0.001–0.037). Use of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors was not associated with mortality after adjusting by baseline risk factors.Conclusions: Myocardial injury is independently associated with adverse outcomes irrespective of baseline comorbidities and its addition to multivariate regression models significantly improves their performance in predicting mortality. The determination of myocardial injury biomarkers on hospital admission and its combination with CCI can classify patients in three risk groups (high, intermediate and low) with a clearly distinct 30-day mortality