Network analysis of strategic actors with the population resources of Campo de Gibraltar (Spain)

Un sistema territorial contiene elementos y actores que se interrelacionan. Entre ellos se encuentran los recursos poblacionales y los actores estratégicos. Estos últimos se nutren de los elementos y son esas relaciones las que dinamizan y potencian el desarrollo de los espacios territoriales. Por tanto, la existencia de relaciones entre los actores estratégicos y los elementos territoriales son esenciales para el desarrollo territorial. Este trabajo analiza las relaciones existentes entre los actores estratégicos y las variables poblacionales de la comarca del Campo de Gibraltar para obtener una información que ayude a detectar los problemas de ese espacio territorial, utilizando como herramienta el análisis de redes sociales mediante el programa UCINET (Hanneman 2000; Wasserman, Stanley y Faust, 1994; Borgatti, Everett y Freeman, 2002) para el estudio de las relaciones tanto de variables físicas como sociales.Un sistema territorial contiene elementos y actores que se interrelacionan. Entre ellos se encuentran los recursos poblacionales y los actores estratégicos. Estos últimos se nutren de los elementos y son esas relaciones las que dinamizan y potencian el desarrollo de los espacios territoriales. Por tanto, la existencia de relaciones entre los actores estratégicos y los elementos territoriales son esenciales para el desarrollo territorial. Este trabajo analiza las relaciones existentes entre los actores estratégicos y las variables poblacionales de la comarca del Campo de Gibraltar para obtener una información que ayude a detectar los problemas de ese espacio territorial, utilizando como herramienta el análisis de redes sociales mediante el programa UCINET (Hanneman 2000; Wasserman, Stanley y Faust, 1994; Borgatti, Everett y Freeman, 2002) para el estudio de las relaciones tanto de variables físicas como sociales.Un sistema territorial contiene elementos y actores que se interrelacionan. Entre ellos se encuentran los recursos poblacionales y los actores estratégicos. Estos últimos se nutren de los elementos y son esas relaciones las que dinamizan y potencian el desarrollo de los espacios territoriales. Por tanto, la existencia de relaciones entre los actores estratégicos y los elementos territoriales son esenciales para el desarrollo territorial. Este trabajo analiza las relaciones existentes entre los actores estratégicos y las variables poblacionales de la comarca del Campo de Gibraltar para obtener una información que ayude a detectar los problemas de ese espacio territorial, utilizando como herramienta el análisis de redes sociales mediante el programa UCINET (Hanneman 2000; Wasserman, Stanley y Faust, 1994; Borgatti, Everett y Freeman, 2002) para el estudio de las relaciones tanto de variables físicas como sociales.Un sistema territorial contiene elementos y actores que se interrelacionan. Entre ellos se encuentran los recursos poblacionales y los actores estratégicos. Estos últimos se nutren de los elementos y son esas relaciones las que dinamizan y potencian el desarrollo de los espacios territoriales. Por tanto, la existencia de relaciones entre los actores estratégicos y los elementos territoriales son esenciales para el desarrollo territorial. Este trabajo analiza las relaciones existentes entre los actores estratégicos y las variables poblacionales de la comarca del Campo de Gibraltar para obtener una información que ayude a detectar los problemas de ese espacio territorial, utilizando como herramienta el análisis de redes sociales mediante el programa UCINET (Hanneman 2000; Wasserman, Stanley y Faust, 1994; Borgatti, Everett y Freeman, 2002) para el estudio de las relaciones tanto de variables físicas como sociales.A Territorial system contains elements and actors wich interrelate. These include population resources and strategic actors. The actors rely on input received from the elements and these relationships will invigorate and boost the development of territorial areas. Therefore, the existence of relations between strategic actors and territorial elements are essential for territorial development. This paper will analyse the relationship between strategic actors and population variables in Campo de Gibraltar to obtain information to help detect problems in that territorial area, using the social network analysis by UCINET program (Hanneman 2000; Wasserman, Stanley and Faust, 1994; Borgatti, Everett and Freeman, 2002) as a tool for studying relations of both physical and social variables

Fiscal Policies, Decentralization, and Life Satisfaction

This paper studies the relationship between wellbeing and governments’ fiscal policies across the world, including government decentralization, over the period between 1999 and 2018. In contrast to the previous literature on wellbeing, the current paper investigates four forms of life satisfaction (SL) as the dependent variable and tries to answer whether different types of public spending program, different types of taxes and the level of fiscal decentralization influence wellbeing as measured by life satisfaction. The analysis uses survey data from two sources of life satisfaction variables: The World Values Survey and the European Values Survey, both of which use a ten-level SL scale. I treat these satisfaction values in four ways, resulting in four robust models (two logit models, one Ordinary Least Squares model and one stereotype logistic model). The same control variables and fixed effects are used in all models. The results indicate that personal individual taxes, labor taxation (income and payroll taxes), indirect taxes on goods and expenditures on environmental protection and education have a significant and positive effect on life satisfaction in all four models. Likewise in all four models, taxes on property and expenditures on health and culture are significant and negative. Furthermore, while increased decentralization (in the form of greater vertical fiscal imbalance and expenditure decentralization) improves the likelihood of having a life satisfaction greater than six (of ten), the effect of transfers to subnational governments’ own revenue is significant and negative in all models

Análisis territorial del Campo de Gibraltar como sistema y red

La presente tesis doctoral consiste en la introducción del análisis sistémico y de redes al estudio de los territorios. Este tipo de análisis se ha aplicado a las organizaciones empresariales y ha ayudado a la creación de nuevas estructuras y nuevas formas organizativas que se adaptan mejor al mundo cambiante actual (Churchman, Ackoff y Arnoff, 1973; Katz y Kahn, 1983; Navarro, 2001; Louffat, 2004 y 2009), a la optimización de sus recursos y al aumento de la eficacia y eficiencia de estas organizaciones (Beer, 1982). En este trabajo se ha diseñado una metodología específica para el análisis de un territorio como sistema y red y se ha aplicado a la comarca del Campo de Gibraltar. Se ha partido de un marco teórico que aporta los conocimientos necesarios para integrar las diferentes teorías, enfoques y estudios sobre sistemas y redes y fundamenta las ventajas que este tipo de análisis aporta en el ámbito territorial. Con esa metodología se analiza la estructura, las relaciones y el funcionamiento del Campo de Gibraltar como un sistema integral complejo compuesto por elementos y actores que son claves para el desarrollo sostenible de este territorio. Este análisis sistémico al Campo de Gibraltar ha detectado los fallos estructurales, funcionales y relacionales que presenta como sistema. Esta información puede ayudar a la elaboración de políticas que mejoren su viabilidad, eficiencia y potencien el desarrollo de este territorio. De esa forma, además, de aportar la metodología para el análisis sistémico de los territorios, pretende contribuir a mejorar las posibilidades de desarrollo de una comarca andaluza que cuenta con una ubicación geoestratégica a nivel internacional

Análisis de las relaciones de los actores estratégicos con los recursos poblacionales del Campo de Gibraltar (España)

Un sistema territorial contiene elementos y actores que se interrelacionan. Entre ellos se encuentran los recursos poblacionales y los actores estratégicos. Estos últimos se nutren de los elementos y son esas relaciones las que dinamizan y potencian el desarrollo de los espacios territoriales. Por tanto, la existencia de relaciones entre los actores estratégicos y los elementos territoriales son esenciales para el desarrollo territorial. Este trabajo analiza las relaciones existentes entre los actores estratégicos y las variables poblacionales de la comarca del Campo de Gibraltar para obtener una información que ayude a detectar los problemas de ese espacio territorial, utilizando como herramienta el análisis de redes sociales mediante el programa UCINET (Hanneman 2000; Wasserman, Stanley y Faust, 1994; Borgatti, Everett y Freeman, 2002) para el estudio de las relaciones tanto de variables físicas como sociales.A Territorial system contains elements and actors wich interrelate. These include population resources and strategic actors. The actors rely on input received from the elements and these relationships will invigorate and boost the development of territorial areas. Therefore, the existence of relations between strategic actors and territorial elements are essential for territorial development. This paper will analyse the relationship between strategic actors and population variables in Campo de Gibraltar to obtain information to help detect problems in that territorial area, using the social network analysis by UCINET program (Hanneman 2000; Wasserman, Stanley and Faust, 1994; Borgatti, Everett and Freeman, 2002) as a tool for studying relations of both physical and social variables

The Effect of Environmental Degradation, Climate Change, and the European Green Deal Tools on Life Satisfaction

Environmental issues, sustainability, and climate change have become the targets of many policies from international and governmental organizations including the EU's European Green Deal action plan. This plan provides tools to address them-which include support for the circular economy, implementation of energy and environmental taxes, and investment in environmental protection-with the aim of favoring the well-being of EU citizens. In this context, this study analyses the impact of several parameters (environmental matters, global warming, circular economy, energy and environmental taxes, and expenditure and investment on the environment) on life satisfaction, or subjective well-being, and their effects on 33 European countries. For this purpose, four econometric models were carried out using data collected from the World Values Survey (WVS), the European Values Study (EVS), and the World Bank and Eurostat, reflecting subjective citizen satisfaction data. The findings present a highly significant inverse relationship between life satisfaction variables and both environmental problems and energy taxes. Additionally, there is a highly significant positive relationship between circular economy, environmental tax, and environmental protection expenditure parameters and life satisfaction variables, as well as, to a lesser degree of significance, with noise pollution from neighbours

The Effect of Ageing, Gender and Environmental Problems in Subjective Well-Being

This paper studies the relationship of factors such as ageing, gender and environmental problems included in the quality of life (QoL) with the subjective well-being represented by the life satisfaction (LS) indicator of the citizens of 33 European countries. To do so, it uses the LS of a country’s citizens as the dependent variable; ageing, gender and environmental variables as independent variables; and other factors included in the QoL indicators and macroeconomic factors as control variables. Analysis uses data from the World Values Survey (WVS) and the European Values Study (EVS) for LS, from Eurostat for QoL indicators and World Bank for macroeconomic indicators. The values of LS have been treated based on the individual data from WVS and EVS in percentages according to their levels by country, and we present four robust models (two logit model and two OLS model). The results show that arrears of people aged 65 and over are a relation of positive significative in models with low levels of LS. The opposite is true for the income of people aged 65 and over. On the other hand, pollution, grime or other environmental problems and inequality show an inverse relationship with life satisfaction in models with high levels of satisfaction and a positive relationship in models with low levels of satisfaction. Nonetheless, the study has also shown contradictions in the gender gap and poverty indicators that should be studied further

Effects of Immigrants, Health, and Ageing on Economic Growth in the European Union

Population ageing and low birth rates are two problems of the EU that have an impact on employment, production, and economic growth. Against this background, immigration, health expenditure, and the health of migrants must become a key element of European policy. For this reason, this paper focused on identifying the effect of immigration, health, and ageing on economic growth in order to highlight their importance from an economic perspective. We constructed different econometric models with Eurostat data for 27 countries and 13 years (2008–2020), whose dependent variable was gross domestic product. Independent variables were the number of immigrants by gender and age, health expenditure per capita (total and by function), immigrants’ perception of their health as very good, and the proportion of the population aged 65 years and over. The model selected to analyze the results was Prais–Winsten regression heteroskedastic panels corrected standard errors modeled by applying the option (ar1) to correct for autocorrelation, using Stata software (version 16). The results show that health expenditure has a significant positive effect on economic growth, higher in hospital services, followed by medical products; immigrants’ perception as very good is only significant in some models. The number of immigrants has a (positive) effect, although less significant than public expenditure on health. Its effect is larger when the immigrant is aged between 15 and 64 years and smaller for male immigrants than for female immigrants. Without the ageing variable, immigration is not significant. Moreover, there are significant differences between European countries in relation to the variables analyses (immigration, immigrants’ perception of their health, ageing and public expenditure on health, and public expenditure on health according to function). This may be due to the different regulations on both immigration and public health in the countries that make up the European Union.17 página

Estado de bienestar, felicidad y producción en la UE

The welfare state is envisaged as a political model whose main objective is to ensure equality of opportunity and to guarantee basic needs of those on low incomes through social policies. There are opposing positions about the economic utility, necessity, effectiveness and efficiency because this model would require a considerable demand of financial resources, mainly contributed by workers and companies through the different taxes paid according to their income. On the one hand, those who argue that it should be reduce government intervention until minimum as not to harm the economic activity and creating jobs. On the other hand, there are those who support the existence of the welfare state because it increases the productivity of the economy with the best human capital and social capital. This paper analyses social policies, happiness and productivity to assess the return of public spending to citizens in two ways: individual (subjective well-being) and economic (per capita production) of the countries of the EU in the year 2014.El Estado de Bienestar se concibe como un modelo político cuyo objeto principal es facilitar la igualdad de oportunidades y garantizar las necesidades básicas de los que tienen rentas menores por medio de políticas sociales. Existen posturas opuestas sobre su utilidad, necesidad, eficacia y eficiencia económica porque requiere de un volumen considerable de recursos financieros, principalmente aportados por los trabajadores y las empresas mediante impuestos en función de sus rentas. Por un lado, se encuentran aquellos que sostienen que la intervención del Estado se ha de reducir al mínimo para no perjudicar a la actividad económica y a la creación de empleo. Por otro lado, se hallan los que apoyan la existencia del Estado de Bienestar porque aumenta la productividad de la economía mediante las mejoras del capital humano y del capital social. Este trabajo analiza mediante técnicas estadísticas y econométricas las políticas sociales, la felicidad y la productividad para valorar el retorno del gasto público a los ciudadanos por dos vías, la individual (bienestar subjetivo) y la económica (producción per cápita) de los países de la UE en el año 2014. ABSTRACT The welfare state is envisaged as a political model whose main objective is to ensure equality of opportunity and to guarantee basic needs of those on low incomes through social policies. There are opposing positions about the economic utility, necessity, effectiveness and efficiency because this model would require a considerable demand of financial resources, mainly contributed by workers and companies through the different taxes paid according to their income. On the one hand, those who argue that it should be reduce government intervention until minimum as not to harm the economic activity and creating jobs. On the other hand, there are those who support the existence of the welfare state because it increases the productivity of the economy with the best human capital and social capital. This paper analyses social policies, happiness and productivity to assess the return of public spending to citizens in two ways: individual (subjective well-being) and economic (per capita production) of the countries of the EU in the year 2014

Social Marketing, welfare indicators and SDG. Analysis of the official account of the Spanish Government @desdelamoncloa

Las redes sociales son instrumentos de comunicación que facilitan la sensibilización y concienciación de los ciudadanos ante problemas sociales. A través de Twitter, los gobiernos pueden obtener información útil y tomar de decisiones para mejorar el bienestar de la comunidad y concienciar a los ciudadanos sobre el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). Este trabajo muestra cómo Twitter y el marketing social sirven como herramienta en la política económica y pretende conocer si en los mensajes publicados por la cuenta oficial del gobierno de España (@desdelamoncloa) se hablan sobre los ODS y el bienestar, además analiza el impacto de las publicaciones con contenido sobre dichos objetivos. Para ello se utiliza la metodología del análisis de contenido desde un doble enfoque, cualitativo y cuantitativo, examinando de forma descriptiva los mensajes publicados por @desdelamoncloa durante 2018, así como su relación con los ODS y el Indicador de Bienestar Sostenible. Los resultados reflejan que los ODS más comentados (los relacionados con la igualdad de género y las desigualdades) no son los que han obtenido un mayor impacto del público (trabajo y crecimiento económico), destacando los ODS incluidos en el elemento del Indicador de Bienestar Sostenible denominado «Bienestar, Economía y Sostenibilidad». Asimismo, el análisis cualitativo refleja que los mensajes publicados son de tipo informativo sobre actuaciones del gobierno y que el término «bienestar» aparece en un contexto donde se resalta los valores que representa España.Social media are communication tools that facilitate citizens’ awareness of social problems. Through Twitter, governments can obtain useful information and make decisions to improve the well-being of the community and raise public awareness about how to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). This work shows how Twitter and social marketing serve as economic policy instruments and aims to know if the messages published by the official twitter account of the Spanish Government (@desdelamoncloa) talk about the SDG and well-being, as well as to analyze the impact of publications with content on these objectives. The methodology of content analysis is used from a double approach, qualitative and quantitative, examining the messages published by @desdelamoncloa during 2018, as well as its relationship with the SDG and the Sustainable Wellbeing Indicator. The results reflect that the most commented SDG (those related to gender equality and inequalities) are not the ones that have obtained the greatest impact from the public (work and economic growth. Thus far, the highly valued posts have content about the SDG included in the element of the Indicator of Sustainable Welfare called Welfare, Economy and Sustainability. Likewise, the qualitative analysis reflects that the messages published are informative with content about government actions and also, the word welfare appears in a context where the values that Spain represents stands out

An approach for analysing and segmenting messages about the SDGs on Twitter from the perspective of social marketing

Se ha publicado una corrección de este artículo en: International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing, (2023), 20, 3, (635-658), DOI: 10.1007/s12208-023-00369-3This descriptive study aims to identify the most published SDGs by @GlobalGoalsUN, the United Nations' official account for sustainable development goals, and elaborate the segmentation profiles of these messages that promote a more significant impact from the perspective of social marketing and happiness. With more than 345 million active users in 2022, Twitter is a relevant social media tool for researching and knowing public reactions. In order to identify the most relevant SDGs, we have downloaded tweets from January 1, 2021, to September 30, 2022. The segmentation profiles have been elaborated with the classification tree using the division method called CHAID (Chi-square automatic interaction detector), which allows the automatic detection of interactions through Chi-square. This technique has made it possible to identify four homogeneous sub-samples corresponding to the segmentation profiles of messages based on impact, social marketing and happiness. The results of these profiles show the categories of the variables that best distinguish the messages. In addition, it has been verified that the most published SDGs do not coincide with those that have achieved the greatest impact. The climate has been the most published SDG (SDG 13 Climate action), but the one that has obtained the most significant reaction from the public has been the SDG related to well-being (SDG 3 Health and well-being). The most popular format has been video, the most recurrent emotional tone has been neutral, and, about social marketing, a category of action messages stands out, unlike behavioural ones, which do not specify the indications to carry out a specific initiative.24 página