MICRO Y NANOENCAPSULACIÓN: UNA PERSPECTIVA BIOTECNOLÓGICA EN LA PRODUCCIÓN ANIMAL

The micro and nano encapsulation is defined as the packaging of an active through an encapsulating agent (polymer) acquiring properties and characteristics different from their higher scale for their later liberation, under controlled and determined conditions, which promote an increase in the useful life of the product and ease their manipulation when converting a liquid material to solid forms. The microparticles are spherical particles with sizes from 1 to 250 um. The nanoparticles are polymere submicronic systems (<1 um). In this revision some devices, substances and systems used in animal production and veterinary medicine are detailed, as well as their reach and limitations in different fields of studyLa micro y nanoencapsulación se define como el envasado de un activo mediante un agente encapsulante (polímero) adquiriendo propiedades y características diferentes de su escala mayor para su liberación posterior, bajo condiciones controladas y determinadas, que promueven aumento en la vida útil del producto y facilita su manipulación al convertir un material líquido a formas sólidas. Las micropartículas son partículas esféricas con tamaños desde 1 a 250 um. Las nanopartículas son sistemas poliméricos submicrónicos (<1 um). En esta revisión se detallan algunos dispositivos, sustancias y sistemas utilizados en la producción animal y medicina veterinaria, así como sus alcances y limitaciones en diferentes campos de investigación

GLICEROL UNA ALTERNATIVA PARA LA ALIMENTACIÓN DE RUMIANTES

The search for alternatives in animal nutrition has generated interest in using agricultural and industrial byproducts, such as glycerol, byproduct of biodiesel production. Glycerol can be used in ruminant diets due to its high energy content, which allows it to substitute grains in the ration. In this study we revise different pieces of research where glycerol has been supplied in the diet of ovine and bovine livestock, and the results obtained.La búsqueda de alternativas en la nutrición animal ha generado el interés de utilizar subproductos agrícolas e industriales, tales como el glicerol, subproducto de la producción de biodiesel. El glicerol puede ser usado en la alimentación de rumiantes por su alto contenido de energía, lo que permite sustituirlo por granos en la ración. En este trabajo se revisan diferentes investigaciones en las que se ha proporcionado glicerol en la dieta de ovinos y bovinos, y los resultados obtenidos

Productive performance and carcass characteristics of New Zealand white and California rabbits and their crosses

Objective: Evaluate the growth performance and carcass characteristics as well as the individual and maternal heterosis effects of New Zealand White (NZB), California (CA) rabbits and their crosses. Design/methodology/approach: 450 offspring rabbits, from 48 females mated to 6 stud rabbits, were evaluated, recording the weight and litter size at birth (TCN) and at weaning (TCD), and weight (PMS), gain (GMD), consumption (CMS), and feed conversion (CONV) during 8 weeks post-weaning. The carcass live weight at slaughter, warm carcass weight with head, carcass yield and parts of the carcass were evaluated. Results: Showed differences (p <0.05) in TCN and TCD with values of 10.47 and 9.03 kits, respectively. When NZB was used as the paternal breed, obtaining an individual heterosis of 5.91% for litter size and 12.44% for weaning weight. In the productive performance and carcass characteristics, the superiority of California breed as paternal breed was evidenced, with average values of 36.05 g in GMD and 2.95 kg in CONV. The average individual weight at the end of the fattening, at 70 days of age, was 2.09 kg and the weight of the carcass 1.16 kg. Post-weaning heterosis for the characteristics evaluated during fattening were positive and moderate. Limitations on study/implications: It is necessary to carry out genetic improvement studies, with different crossing systems and to evaluate results based on the productive and reproductive behavior. Findings/conclusions: in reproductive characteristics, when using NZB as paternal breed, the offspring are superior to those obtained from CA; while in the productive variables the offspring from CA show superior results.Objective: Evaluate the growth performance and carcass characteristics as well as the individual and maternal heterosis effects of New Zealand White (NZB), California (CA) rabbits and their crosses.Design/methodology/approach: 450 offspring rabbits, from 48 females mated to 6 stud rabbits, were evaluated, recording the weight (PNC) and litter size at birth (TCN) and at weaning (TCD), as well as, and weight (PMS), weight gain (GMD), consumption (CMS), and feed conversion (CONV) for during 8 weeks post-weaning. The carcass live weight at slaughter, warm carcass weight with head, carcass yield, and carcass parts of the carcass were evaluated.Results: Showed differences (p <0.05) in TCN and TCD with values of 10.47 and 9.03 kits, respectively. When NZB was used as the paternal breed, obtaining an individual heterosis of 5.91% for litter size and 12.44% for weaning weight. In the productive performance and carcass characteristics, the superiority of the California breed as a paternal breed was evidenced, with average values of 36.05 g in GMD and 2.95 kg in CONV. The averageindividual weight at the end of the fattening, at 70 days of age, was 2.09 kg and the weight of the carcass 1.16 kg. Post-weaning heterosis for the characteristics evaluated during fattening was were positive and moderate.Limitations on study/implications: It is necessary to carry out genetic improvement studies, with different crossing systems and to evaluate results based on the productive and reproductive behavior.Findings/conclusions: in reproductive characteristics, when using NZB as apaternal breed, the offspring are superior to those obtained from CA; while inthe productive variables, the offspring from CA show superior results

Risk factors associated with mastitis and raw milk quality in small farms of Texcoco, México

The consumption of raw milk or its use in the production of dairy products, increases the risk of transmission of diseases, caused by pathogenic organisms or toxins, which affect the quality and safety of milk, as a result of poor milking practices or improper handling of the product. The objective of the study was to determine the nutritional and physicochemical quality, the presence of aflatoxins in raw milk, as well as risk factors for mastitis, in 20 family farms in the Texcoco region of Mexico. MilkoScan FT1 was used for physicochemical and nutritional analysis of milk and somatic cells and cow health were quantified using the Somaticell test; in addition, the presence of Aflatoxin M1 was determined by lateral flow immuno-chromatogenetics. The results showed normal nutritional values of milk according to NMX-F-700-COFOCALEC-2012, which assure its quality for human. The pH varied from 5.0 - 8.4, indicating poor control of milk temperature on some farms, causing acidity problems. Logistic analysis showed that a good cleaning of the udder in the milking prevents it to be a risk factor for the increase of somatic cells and degree of mastitis, not so the type of milking and sealing of udders. The Somaticell technique®, allowed a quantitative and efficient diagnosis of clinical mastitis and no presence of aflatoxin AFM1 was found in raw milk, which ensures that there is no problem for the consumption of the product or its transformation into products Dairy.Objective: to determine the nutritional and physicochemical quality, and the presenceof aflatoxins in raw milk, as well as risk factors for developing mastitis in 20 family farmsin the region of Texcoco, Mexico.Methods: MilkoSCan FT1 was used for nutritional and physicochemical analysis ofmilk. Somatic cells were quantified and the cow’s health status was tested usingSomaticell; furthermore, the presence of Aflatoxin M1 was determined using lateral flowimmunochromatography.Results: the milk evaluated in this study reported normal nutritional values according toNMX-F-700-COFOCALEC-2012, which guarantees its quality for human consumption.The pH ranged from 5.0 to 8.4, which indicates deficient temperature control in somefarms, leading to problems with acidity. The logistical analysis showed that adequateudder cleaning during milking is important to avoid it being a risk factor for an increasein somatic cells and degree of mastitis, although not the milking technique or teatsealing. The presence of aflatoxin AFM1 was not reported in raw milk.Study implications: the Somaticell® technique renders a qualitative and efficientdiagnosis of clinical mastitis. Conclusions: raw milk quality from this region guarantees consumers with a safe andapt product for human consumption or transformation into dairy byproducts

Productive performance and carcass characteristics of New Zealand white and California rabbits and their crosses

Objective: To evaluate the growth, performance, and carcass characteristics as well as the individual and maternal heterosis effects of New Zealand White (NZ), California (CA) rabbits and their crosses. Design/methodology/approach: 450 offspring rabbits, from 48 females (does) mated to six stud rabbits, were evaluated, recording the weight (BLW) and litter size at birth (LSB) and weaning (LSW), as well as the weight (AWW), gain (AWG), consumption (AWC), and feed conversion (CONV) for 8 weeks post-weaning. The carcass live weight at slaughter, warm carcass weight with head, carcass yield and parts of the carcass were evaluated. Results: The assessment showed differences (P0.05) in LSB and LSW with values of 10.47 and 9.78 kits respectively, when NZ was used as the paternal breed, results suggest individual heterosis of 5.91% for litter size and 12.44% for the weaning weight. Regarding the productive performance and carcass characteristics, the California breed showed superiority as a paternal breed, with average values of 36.11 g in AWG and 2.90 in CONV. The average individual weight at the end of the fattening, at 70 days of age, was 2.09 kg and the carcass weight was 1.16 kg. Post-weaning heterosis for the evaluated characteristics during fattening was positive and moderate. Limitations on study/implications: It is necessary to carry out genetic improvement studies, with different crossing systems and to evaluate results based on productive and reproductive performance. Findings/conclusions: When using NZ as a paternal breed, the reproductive characteristics of the offspring were superior compared to the ones obtained from CA. In contrast, the reproductive variables were superior in CA breed in comparison to NZ

Nanoparticle sterilization methods for biomedical applications in animals

Objective: To review different sterilization methods and their application to micro and nanoparticles. Approach: Sterilization is used to obtain a product free of microorganisms that might alter its preparation, storage, and administration route without changing its physicochemical characteristics. This review explores different sterilization methods, their advantages and disadvantages at the micro and nanoparticle levelObjective: To review different nanoparticle sterilization methods for their use in biomedical applications in animals. Approach: Sterilization is used to obtain a microorganism-free product without altering its physicochemical characteristics during its preparation, storage, or administration route. This review explores different sterilization methods and their advantages and disadvantages on the nanoparticle level. Study limitations/implications: Nanoparticles are used in animal production, including their parenteral administration. Therefore, establishing the characteristics of different technologies applied to sterilize nanoparticles is essential to ensure the delivery of sterile products preventing health risks. Conclusions: The use of nanotechnology in livestock production offers several advantages for animal nutrition, reproduction, and health, among other things. When nanoparticles must be sterilized, choosing the most suitable method is essential. This depends on the amount of product and its compound type because each technique has specific requirements that must be taken into account to be ready for potential changes in the structure and availability of the final product

Effect on pregnancy rate of a previously used progesterone-releasing device and fixed time artificial insemination in Brahman cows

With the objective to evaluate the efficiency of the Controlled Intravaginal Devices Releasing (CIDR) new and reutilized until a 4th occasion and their effect on the pregnancy rate were studied 594 Brahman multiparous cows with their calves with 468.4Zapotitlán33.9 kg of body weight and with a minimum of 90 days postpartum and Fixed Time Artificial Insemination (FTAI) under humid tropical conditions. The cows were randomly assigned to one out to 8 treatments where the CIDR1A was new and anestrous cows; CIDR1C: new and cyclic cows; CIDR2A: Second use and anestrous cows; CIDR2C: Second and cyclic cows; CIDR3A: Third use and anoestrus cows CIDR3C: Third use and cyclic cows; CIDR4A: Fourth use and anestrous cows; CIDR4C: Fourth use and cyclic cows in the following way T1 (n= 116): CIDRlA+estradiol benzoate (E)+D-Cloprostenol+eCG+AI at detected estrus; T2 (n = 34): CIDRlC+E+D-Cloprostenol+AI at detected estrus; T3 (n = 53): CIDR2A+E+D-cloprostenol+eCG+Fixed Time Artificiallnsemination (FTAI); T4 (n = 62): CIDR2C+E+D-Cloprostenol+FTAI; T5 (n = 33): CIDR3A+E+D-Cloprostenol+eCG+FTAI; T6 (n = 67): CIDR3C+E+D-Cloprostenol+FTAI; T7 (n = 41): CIDR4A+E+D-Cloprostenol+eCG+FTAI and T8 (n = 188): CIDR4C+E+D-Cloprostenol+FTAI. The pregnancy rate was different among treatments being 35.3, 61.7, 30.1, 64.5, 21.2, 82.0, 41.4 and 48.9% for T1 -T8, respectively. In conclusion, the use of new or reutilized CIDR up to a 4th time plus artificial insemination at fixed time in Brahman cows represents an alternative to synchronize estrus and ovulation to improve gestation percentages. Zapotitlán Medwell Journals, 2011

Carcass characteristics, physicochemical changes and oxidative stress indicators of meat from sheep fed diets with coffee pulp

The purpose of this study was to determine how feeding sheep coffee pulp affects carcass characteristics and what changes occur in physicochemical, antioxidant capacity and oxidation of the meat during refrigerated storage. The experiment was carried out in 15 Blackbelly lambs weighing an average 22.86±0.76kg. The animals were assigned to three treatments: T0=control diet, T1=diet with 8% coffee pulp, and T2=diet with 16% coffee pulp. After fattening for 56 days, the sheep were slaughtered and the carcasses assessed. The inclusion of 16% coffee pulp in the diet increased carcass dressing from 48.19 to 50.83% and decreased the amount of fat in rumen and intestines from 3.43 to 2.53% (P<0.05). The inclusion of coffee pulp in the diet did not alter the amount of crude protein or fat in meat or its oxidation and antioxidant capacity during refrigerated storage. However, the inclusion of coffee pulp in the diet decreased fat in the rumen and intestines, and thus increased the amount of usable meat

Prolactin Receptor (PRLR) Gen Polymorphism and Associations with Reproductive Traits in Pigs

The Prolactin Receptor (PRLR) gene was investigated as candidate gene for swine reproductive traits. 335 sows of 4 genetic groups: Yorkshire (Y), Landrace (L) Duroc (D) and YL were included. The traits studied were: Total Number of Born (TNB), Number Born Alive (NBA), Number of Weaned Piglets (NWP), Litter Weight at Birth (LWB) and Litter Weight at Weaning (LWW). The polymorphism was identified by PCR-RFLP. Allelic frequencies between each genetic group and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were tested by chi-square test. The association between PRLR genotypes with reproductive traits was evaluated by a linear model. Additive and dominance effects were estimated. The frequency of A allele was in general 0.46, with variation between genetic groups. D had the highest values for TNB. YL showed the best performance for NBA. AA genotype in D showed the best performance for NWP but no differences were found among genotypes L, YL and L. Differences in first parity were observed between genotypes for TNB, with highest value in BB (10.40 piglets). In general, additive effect per allele A resulted in a negative increase of 2.26 pigs (TNB) and positive of 0.42 kg (LWB) per litter. For TNB and LWB, dominance effect was -2.67 pigs and -0.56 kg, respectively. For LWW, additive in L resulted in -8.37 kg while dominance effect was 8.37 kg.Se investigó el gen del Receptor de Prolactina (PRLR) como gen candidato para los rasgos reproductivos de los cerdos. Se incluyeron 335 cerdas de 4 grupos genéticos: Yorkshire (Y), Landrace (L) Duroc (D) y YL. Los rasgos estudiados fueron: Número total de nacidos (TNB), nacidos vivos (NBA), número de lechones destetados (NWP), peso de la camada al nacer (LWB) y peso de la camada al destete (LWW). El polimorfismo fue identificado por PCR-RFLP. Las frecuencias alélicas entre cada grupo genético y el equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg se probaron mediante la prueba del chi-cuadrado. La asociación entre los genotipos PRLR con rasgos reproductivos se evaluó mediante un modelo lineal. Se estimaron efectos aditivos y dominantes. La frecuencia del alelo A fue en general 0,46, con variación entre grupos genéticos. D tuvo los valores más altos para TNB. YL mostró el mejor rendimiento para la NBA. El genotipo AA en D mostró el mejor desempeño para NWP pero no se encontraron diferencias entre los genotipos L, YL y L. Se observaron diferencias en la primera paridad entre genotipos para TNB, con mayor valor en BB (10,40 lechones). En general, el efecto aditivo por alelo A resultó en un aumento negativo de 2,26 cerdos (TNB) y positivo de 0,42 kg (LWB) por litera. Para TNB y LWB, el efecto de dominancia fue de -2,67 cerdos y -0,56 kg, respectivamente. Para LWW, el aditivo en L resultó en -8,37 kg mientras que el efecto de dominancia fue de 8,37 kg