The impact of immigration on the wage structure : Spain 1995-2002

In this paper we estimate the impact of inward migration flows on the Spanish wage structure over the period 1995-2002 by constructing counterfactual wage distributions that provide the wages that would have been observed had individual and job characteristics remain constant over time. Hence, we compute the impact of immigration on the wage distribution from (i) the estimated wage gaps between similar immigrants and native workers and (ii) the changes in the composition of employment associated to the arrival of new immigrants. Overall, we find that (i) the effects of immigration on wage changes are small and only noticeable when job characteristics are included as determinants of wages, and (ii) the correlation between the incidence of immigration in each decile of the wage distribution and the change in native wages not explained by changes in their individual and job characteristics is positive. These results suggest that other factors, besides immigration, should be identified as the key determinants of the wage moderation observed since the early nineties in Spain

The effect of immigration on the employment opportunities of native-born workers : some evidence for Spain

Spain is one of the European countries where immigration flows during the last decade have increased noticeably. The Spanish labor market institutions and the Spanish immigration policy exhibit some peculiarities which may be relevant when analyzing the impact of immigration. This paper provides a first approximation to the labor market effects of immigrants in Spain during the second half of the 1990s, the period in which immigration flows to Spain have accelerated. By using alternative datasets, we estimate both the impact of legal and total immigration flows on the employment rates of native workers, accounting for the possible occupationa l and geographical mobility of immigrants and native-born workers. Using different samples and estimation procedures, we have not found a significant negative effect of immigration on the employment rates of native workers. The corresponding estimated elasticity is low, around -0.1, when considering only legal immigrants, and is not significant when considering both legal and illegal immigrants

The impact of immigration on the wage structure : Spain 1995-2002

In this paper we estimate the impact of inward migration flows on the Spanish wage structure over the period 1995-2002 by constructing counterfactual wage distributions that provide the wages that would have been observed had individual and job characteristics remain constant over time. Hence, we compute the impact of immigration on the wage distribution from (i) the estimated wage gaps between similar immigrants and native workers and (ii) the changes in the composition of employment associated to the arrival of new immigrants. Overall, we find that (i) the effects of immigration on wage changes are small and only noticeable when job characteristics are included as determinants of wages, and (ii) the correlation between the incidence of immigration in each decile of the wage distribution and the change in native wages not explained by changes in their individual and job characteristics is positive. These results suggest that other factors, besides immigration, should be identified as the key determinants of the wage moderation observed since the early nineties in Spain.Immigration, Wage structure, Quantile regressions

Declining returns to skill and the distribution of wages : Spain 1995-2006

In contrast to the pattern observed in other developed countries, Spanish wage inequality did not increase during the period from 1995-2006. In this paper we analyse the relative role of supply and demand factors when accounting for this “atypical” fact. Because noticeable changes in both labour supply and labour demand - such as educational upgrading of the labour force, huge immigration flows, and a boom in the construction sector - took place during these years, we start by decomposing observed wage changes into changes in the composition of the labour force and changes in the prices of workers’ and jobs’ characteristics. The results indicate that the compression of the wage distribution is largely explained by a decrease in the returns to education. We also provide some evidence of the relative impact of labour supply and labour demand factors on the changes of these returns, showing that both the increase in the supply of high-skilled workers and the increasing weight of low-skilled occupations are related to the decreasing trend in the skill premium over this period.The first author aknowledges research funding from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Grant No. ECO2009-1116

Gender gaps in unemployment rates in Argentina

Utilizando datos de la Encuesta de Hogares para el periodo 1995-2001, se estudian los factores que explican el diferencial entre las tasas de desempleo de hombres y mujeres en Argentina. Se encuentra que este diferencial viene explicado no por diferencias en las características de ambos grupos, sino por diferencias en los rendimientos de mercado de sus características, en especial, aquellos asociados al estado civil. Por tanto, las diferencias en el comportamiento de hombres y mujeres, así como las prácticas de los empresarios en relación al género de los trabajadores se encuentran detrás de este diferencial. Sin embargo, la importancia relativa de estos dos factores en la explicación de dicho diferencial no está clara.Using data from the Argentinean Household Survey for the period 1995-2001, I study the factors that explain the gender gap in unemployment rates. Using a microeconometric decomposition technique, I find that the gender gap in unemployment rates is explained not by differences in the characteristics of men and women but by differences in the labor market returns to their characteristics, especially those associated to the marital status. Hence, differences in men?s and women?s behaviour and the practices of employers towards gender are behind the gender gap. However, the relative importance of these two factors in explaining the gap is not totally clear.Instituto de Investigaciones Económica

Factores sociodemográficos y de salud asociados al dolor por contracciones uterinas en el trabajo de parto, Hospital Regional III Honorio Delgado, Arequipa 2020

Conocer los factores sociodemográficos y de salud asociados al dolor por contracciones uterinas en el trabajo de parto de gestantes atendidas en un hospital. Se siguió el diseño de casos – controles en una muestra representativa de 140 gestantes en trabajo de parto activo, donde los casos fueron gestantes con intensidad alta de dolor, medido con el test numérico visual del dolor en el trabajo de parto y se aplicó una encuesta semiestructurada para identificar los factores de riesgo. La edad de la gestante no está relacionado con la intensidad del dolor durante el trabajo de parto y, no proceder de la provincia de Arequipa, es un factor débil para presentar intensidad alta de dolor (OR = 1.237). Los factores: afectación a la salud durante la gestación (OR = 2.4), tener antecedentes patológicos anteriores a la gestación (OR = 2.641), el estado civil soltera o separada (OR = 5.15), la relación de pareja insatisfactoria (OR = 1.269), la actitud negativa de la familia hacia la gestación (OR = 1.924), la gestación no deseada (OR = 1.924), el control prenatal inadecuado (OR = 1.237) y la no empatía del personal de salud (OR = 2.288), son factores de riesgo para presentar dolor de intensidad alta durante el trabajo de parto y, según el análisis multivariado, solo el antecedente patológico anterior a la gestación es un factor de riesgo (P = 0.029). El número de parto, la edad gestacional, el grado de instrucción y la actividad laboral remunerada, no son factores de riesgo. El antecedente patológico anterior a la gestación, es un factor de riesgo para presentar intensidad alta de dolor durante el trabajo de parto. Palabras clave: dolor por contracciones uterinas, trabajo de parto.Tesi

Análisis de riesgos naturales en la subcuenca del río Blanco, desde su origen hasta la ciudad de Cayambe, provincia de Pichincha.

This thesis presents the analysis of natural hazards affecting the sub-basin of the ―Río Blanco‖ (White River), in the Canton Cayambe, Province of Pichincha, Ecuador; The river has an area of 39.337km2 and it is born in the slopes of the Cayambe snow volcano, then it flows through the city that has the same name of the volcano and then it merges into the Granobles River. The main objective is to investigate the characteristics and impacts related to natural hazards affecting the sub-basin area during different rainfall annual periods. The water is the central natural risk of the analysis, which examines the problems caused by glacial landslides in the upper sub-basin that goes through along the river taking all the materials and debris, unifying the existent problems in the sub-basin of the ―Río Blanco‖ (White River) for the people, because these water is used for the daily human consumption, for economic, agricultural, and livestock activities of great importance in the canton are linked directly to the water because with the presence or absence of it, they seem to be benefited or affected.Este trabajo de tesis comprende la elaboración de un estudio sobre los riesgos naturales en la subcuenca del río Blanco, en el cantón Cayambe, Provincia de Pichincha, Ecuador. La subcuenca tiene una superficie de 39.337 km2, nace en las faldas del volcán-nevado Cayambe, cruza la ciudad que lleva el mismo nombre del volcán y desemboca en el río Granobles. El objetivo principal es investigar las características e impactos relacionados con los riesgos naturales que afectan a la subcuenca durante diferentes periodos anuales de precipitaciones. El agua es el riesgo central del análisis, en el que se examinan los problemas causados por deslizamientos glaciales en la subcuenca alta que atreves de todo el río va llevando gran cantidad de materiales y escombros, unificando de esta manera los problemas existentes en la subcuenca del río Blanco para la población, ya que estas aguas son utilizadas tanto para consumo humano diario como para las actividades económicas, agrícolas y ganaderas de gran importancia del cantón que se vinculan directamente con el agua ya que con la presencia o ausencia de ella, se ven beneficiados o perjudicados

Sources of Regional Crime Persistence Argentina 1980-2008

Crime rates vary considerably by region and these differences are found to be persistent over time. The persistence of differences in regional crime rates over time may be explained by two factors. First, differences in the regional institutional and socio-economic conditions that determine crime equilibrium levels are persistent over time. Second, the effects of shocks affecting the crime rate are persistent over time. The aim of this paper is to disentangle these two sources of regional crime persistence in Argentinean regions over 1980-2008 and subperiods for different typologies of crime. Controlling for socio-economic and deterrence effect variables, we specify an econometric model to test the persistence of shocks to crime. Results support high persistence of the effects of shocks to crime. Resume

Sources of Regional Crime Persistence Argentina 1980-2008

Crime rates vary considerably by region and these differences are found to be persistent over time. The persistence of differences in regional crime rates over time may be explained by two factors. First, differences in the regional institutional and socio-economic conditions that determine crime equilibrium levels are persistent over time. Second, the effects of shocks affecting the crime rate are persistent over time. The aim of this paper is to disentangle these two sources of regional crime persistence in Argentinean regions over 1980-2008 and subperiods for different typologies of crime. Controlling for socio-economic and deterrence effect variables, we specify an econometric model to test the persistence of shocks to crime. Results support high persistence of the effects of shocks to crime. Resume

Rarity patterns and conservation priorities in Cactaceae species from the Southern Central Andes: a case study from the Calchaquíes Valleys, Salta, Argentina

En este trabajo se estudiaron 34 especies de Cactaceae de los Valles Calchaquíes, Argentina, para determinar 1) el nivel de rareza de las especies, 2) la proporción de especies raras entre grupos taxonómicos y ecológicos, y 3) la consistencia espacial de la rareza a lo largo del rango de distribución. Se definió a la rareza a través de un modelo que combina medidas del rango geográfico de distribución y el tamaño poblacional local de cada especie. La rareza no se concentró en ningún grupo taxonómico o ecológico particular de Cactaceae; sin embargo, 28 especies presentaron algún nivel de rareza. En la mayoría de las especies, la rareza varió a lo largo del área de distribución geográfica; sólo cinco especies fueron consistentemente raras en todas las poblaciones evaluadas. Seis especies fueron calificadas como extremadamente raras; todas de la subfamilia Cactoideae, cuatro endémicas del sur de los Andes Centrales y difiriendo en su forma de crecimiento. Sólo dos de las 34 especies estudiadas presentaron una rareza extrema y constante a lo largo de toda su distribución. La determinación del nivel de rareza fue útil para identificar especies que pueden estar en peligro o que pueden necesitar más estudios. Este trabajo permitió indicar qué especies de Cactaceae son más vulnerables a las perturbaciones antropogénicas o naturales, en comparación con las especies comunes. Muchas de las especies Cactaceae identificadas aquí como raras fueron mencionados por la IUCN en las categorías intermedias de extinción, por lo que la rareza parece estar relacionada con la vulnerabilidad a la extinción en la parte más sur de los Andes Centrales.In this study, 34 Cactaceae species from the Calchaquíes Valleys, Argentina, were studied to determine 1) species rarity level, 2) proportion of rare species among taxonomic and ecological groups and, 3) whether rareness is consistently distributed throughout the species geographical ranges. We used a model where rarity is defined by the geographic range and the local population size to define species rarity. Rareness was not concentrated in any particular taxonomic or ecological group of Cactaceae; however 28 species were rare at some level. In most species, rarity varied across the geographical range, only five species remained consistently rare in all the surveyed populations. Six species qualified as extremely rare, all from the Cactoideae subfamily, four endemic to the southernmost Central Andes and differing in their growth forms. Only two of the 34 studied species, appeared as both extremely and consistently rare across its distribution. Determining rarity levels is useful for identifying species that may be in danger and/or in need for further studies. Rarity, used as an indicator of species vulnerability, allowed us, to identify Cactaceae species that are more vulnerable to anthropogenic or natural disturbance, compared with common species. Many of the Cactaceae species identified here as rare were mentioned by IUCN at intermediate categories of extinction. Our approach seems then to yield useful results and rareness in the present context appears to be related with vulnerability to extinction within the southernmost Central Andes.Fil: Godoy Bürki, Ana Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; ArgentinaFil: Aagesen, Lone. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; ArgentinaFil: Sajama, Modesto Jesus. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Escuela de Agronomía. Laboratorio de Investigaciones Botánicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Bravo, Silvia Alejandra. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Escuela de Agronomía. Laboratorio de Investigaciones Botánicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Alonso Pedano, Mariana Inés. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Escuela de Agronomía. Laboratorio de Investigaciones Botánicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Ortega Baes, Francisco Pablo. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Escuela de Agronomía. Laboratorio de Investigaciones Botánicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin