Effect of five enological practices and of the general phenolic composition on fermentation-related aroma compounds in Mencia young red wines

The effects of five technological procedures and of the contents of total anthocyanins and condensed tan- nins on 19 fermentation-related aroma compounds of young red Mencia wines were studied. Multifactor ANOVA revealed that levels of those volatiles changed significantly over the length of storage in bottles and, to a lesser extent, due to other technological factors considered; total anthocyanins and condensed tannins also changed significantly as a result of the five practices assayed. Five aroma compounds pos- sessed an odour activity value >1 in all wines, and another four in some wines. Linear correlation among volatile compounds and general phenolic composition revealed that total anthocyanins were highly related to 14 different aroma compounds. Multifactor ANOVA, considering the content of total anthocy- anins as a sixth random factor, revealed that this parameter affected significantly the contents of ethyl lactate, ethyl isovalerate, 1-pentanol and ethyl octanoate. Thus, the aroma of young red Mencia wines may be affected by levels of total anthocyanin

Importance of genetic tests in childhood hearing loss

Referencias sobre el mismo tema en la revista: http://hdl.handle.net/10366/124383; http://hdl.handle.net/10366/124422[ES]Introducción y objetivo: En los países desarrollados, el 60% de las hipoacusias neonatales son hereditarias y el análisis genético es el procedimiento diagnóstico de mayor rendimiento. Con este trabajo pretendemos demostrar la importancia del estudio genético en la hipoacusia infantil, y la necesidad de su implantación en Castilla y León (España). Material y método: Presentamos una revisión narrativa en la que a partir de las declaraciones de los organismos nacionales e internacionales encargados de velar por el buen funcionamiento de los programas de detección e intervención precoz de la hipoacusia infantil, pondremos de manifiesto la unanimidad de criterios respecto a la necesidad de realizar este tipo de estudios. Resultados: El diagnóstico genético permite comprender la causa de la sordera, estableciendo el pronóstico y la posibilidad de tratamiento específico. A través de una metodología en general unánime, se pretende llegar al diagnóstico etiológico que debe ser conducido por un especialista en genética quien finalmente, será responsable del consejo genético. Discusión: Tras aplicar durante más de 10 años en Castilla y León (España) un “Programa de detección e intervención precoz de la hipoacusia infantil” y a la vista de los resultados presentados, consideramos absolutamente necesario la puesta en marcha del estudio genético de la hipoacusia, con su correspondiente consejo genético. Conclusiones: Existiendo unanimidad de criterio en la eficacia del diagnóstico genético de la hipoacusia infantil, consideramos fundamental su implantación en Castilla y León (España). [EN] Introduction and objective: In developed countries, 60% of the neonatal hearing loss is hereditary and genetic analysis is the higher performance diagnostic procedure. With this paper we intend to demonstrate the importance of the genetic study of infant hearing loss, and the need for its implementation in Castilla y León (Spain). Material and method: We present a narrative review in which from the statements of national and international agencies responsible for ensuring the good performance of detection and early intervention of child hearing loss programs, we'll clear the unanimity of criteria regarding the need for such studies. Results: Genetic diagnosis allows understanding the cause of the deafness, establishing the possibility of specific treatment and prognosis. A general unanimous methodology, seeks to reach the etiological diagnosis that must be led by a genetics specialist who will ultimately be responsible for genetic counselling. Discussion: After applying for more than 10 years in Castilla y León (Spain) a "program of detection and early intervention of child hearing loss" and in view of the results, we consider absolutely necessary implementation of the genetic study of hearing loss, with their corresponding genetic counseling. Conclusions: There is unanimity of criteria in effectiveness and need for genetic diagnosis of infant hearing loss, we consider fundamental implementation in Castilla y León (Spain)

Criteria to discriminate between wines aged in oak barrels and macerated with oak fragments

Wine aging in barrels is carried out to increase stability and achieve more complex aromas. In the last few years, however, the practice of macerating wine with small fragments of toasted oak (chips) has become increasingly common. This conveys similar tastes, aromas, and wooden notes to the wine as those obtained with traditional barrel aging, but much faster and at a fraction of the cost. Without proper regulation, this could lead to fraud if wine macerated with chips is offered as barrel aged wine. In the present study, 75 volatile compounds have been determined by applying gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (MS) and flame ionization detection (FID). It has been found that compounds directly related to the wood have greater discriminative power for telling apart wines aged in barrels from those macerated with oak fragments, but no single compound permits flawless classification. Therefore, we have studied the effect of the addition of oak fragments of different origins, different oak types, different formats and subjected to different toasting processes on a set of 231 samples from 6 Spanish Denominations of Origin wines (DOs), and compared them to those same wines aged in oak barrels. In light of the results, we have developed a set of criteria which allows distinguishing with high degree of accuracy between wines which have been aged in barrels and those macerated with oak fragments. The application of these criteria to different wines allows correct classification in over 90% of cases.Peer ReviewedPublishe

La historiografía clásica en las Crónicas de Conquista : Heródoto en Gerónimo de Vivar

Tesis (Licenciado en Historia)Desde el descubrimiento de América, el estudio de la conquista y primeros años de colonia, ha sido abordado por especialistas de diverso tipo mediante el uso de fuentes. Sin duda, las crónicas de conquista han ocupado un lugar trascendental en la comprensión de dichos procesos, pues en ellas se presenta el relato de los acontecimientos. Pero de forma especial se encuentra plasmada buena parte de la mentalidad del conquistador, su visión ante el mundo que enfrentó y, especialmente, sus creencias, ideologías y perspectivas con respecto a la situación que enfrentaron los conquistadores en el avance por los territorios. En el caso de Chile, la Crónica y relación copiosa y verdadera de los Reynos de Chile, de Gerónimo de Vivar, es una de las obras que narran de manera más completa el proceso de conquista. En ésta se encuentran los acontecimientos sucedidos desde la llegada de Pedro de Valdivia hasta los años posteriores a su muerte, figurando de manera preponderante la influencia de la historiografía clásica en la imagen y reflejo de la mentalidad de su autor, tema que se ha propuesto analizar en las siguientes páginas. La representación de los sucesos ocurridos en el Nuevo Mundo como también de sus habitantes, fue una de las labores más difíciles que debieron afrontar los cronistas de Indias, ya que los lectores a los que se dirigían las obras no eran conocedores de América. Esto dificultaba la presentación de un lugar que, hasta fines del siglo XV, era desconocido por los españoles y por la mayoría de los europeos, por lo que los autores acudieron a ciertos patrones conocidos para explicar lo nuevo. Para comprender al Nuevo Mundo, los españoles del siglo XVI debieron recurrir a la cultura clásica en dos sentidos. Primero, como medio de explicarse el origen de los nuevos territorios, respuesta que encontraron en ciertos autores que exponían asuntos sobre territorios que eran congruentes con los recientemente descubiertos y, en segundo lugar, como medio para representar las situaciones ocurridas en estos nuevos lugares descubiertos..

Amino acid profiles to differentiate white wines from three autochtonous Galician varieties

Amino acids play a relevant role in wine quality and can allow for classifying wines according to the variety. In this work, the amino acid contents of Albariño, Godello, and Treixadura wines, three autochthonous varieties from Galicia (NW Spain), were determined. During three consecutive vintages, these varieties were grown on the same vineyard and were harvested at optimum maturity, and the wines were elaborated following the same enological protocol. The identification and quantification of the primary amino acids were carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection, after a derivatization. Amino acid contents in these white varieties were within the range of values reported for other European wines, but Treixadura wines showed the highest concentrations, while wines from the Albariño variety showed the lowest contents. Apart from proline, whose concentrations were caused by yeast release, the most abundant amino acids were aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine, arginine, asparagine, alanine, and histidine. Principal component analysis separated wines by variety according to their amino acid contents.Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria | Ref. RTA2011-00041-C02-01Xunta de GaliciaEuropean Commissio

Phenolic characterization of thirteen red grape cultivars from Galicia by anthocyanin profile and flavanol composition

Aims: Phenolic compounds, extractable from grape skins and seeds, have a notable influence on the quality of red wines. Therefore, in this work the phenolic composition of 13 red grape cultivars, grown in one of the most traditional Spanish vine zones, was studied in order to identify significant varietal differences. Methods and results: Anthocyanin concentration and profile, total proanthocyanidin and flavanol contents in berry skins and seeds were determined by spectrophotometric and HPLC methods. The highest concentrations of total anthocyanins was found in the Loureira Tinta, Sousón and Ferrol varieties, while Ferrol was rich in proanthocyanidins in berry skin and Caíño Bravo was rich in proanthocyanidins and flavanols in berry seeds. Malvidin-3-monoglucoside was usually the major anthocyanin. Nevertheless, the anthocyanin profile was characterized mainly of di-substituted molecules for Albarello, Brancellao and Caíño da Terra grapes. Ferrol, Loureira Tinta and Sousón grapes showed the highest values of primitive anthocyanins (delphinidin and petunidin derivatives). Conclusion: Many differences in the phenolic composition of the cultivars studied were found. The results of the phenolic characterization can be utilized in winery in order to apply the most appropriate maceration and winemaking techniques to the processed grapes. Significance and impact of study: Knowledge of the biodiversity of the grape varieties of Galicia (North-West Spain) is still scarce. This study, on phenolic composition, provides oenological information that can be useful to improve the quality of the wines produced

Phenolic characterization of thirteen red grape cultivars from Galicia by anthocyanin profile and flavanol composition

Aims: Phenolic compounds, extractable from grape skins and seeds, have a notable influence on the quality of red wines. Therefore, in this work the phenolic composition of 13 red grape cultivars, grown in one of the most traditional Spanish vine zones, was studied in order to identify significant varietal differences. Methods and results: Anthocyanin concentration and profile, total proanthocyanidin and flavanol contents in berry skins and seeds were determined by spectrophotometric and HPLC methods. The highest concentrations of total anthocyanins was found in the Loureira Tinta, Sousón and Ferrol varieties, while Ferrol was rich in proanthocyanidins in berry skin and Caíño Bravo was rich in proanthocyanidins and flavanols in berry seeds. Malvidin-3-monoglucoside was usually the major anthocyanin. Nevertheless, the anthocyanin profile was characterized mainly of di-substituted molecules for Albarello, Brancellao and Caíño da Terra grapes. Ferrol, Loureira Tinta and Sousón grapes showed the highest values of primitive anthocyanins (delphinidin and petunidin derivatives). Conclusion: Many differences in the phenolic composition of the cultivars studied were found. The results of the phenolic characterization can be utilized in winery in order to apply the most appropriate maceration and winemaking techniques to the processed grapes. Significance and impact of study: Knowledge of the biodiversity of the grape varieties of Galicia (North-West Spain) is still scarce. This study, on phenolic composition, provides oenological information that can be useful to improve the quality of the wines produced

Importancia de las pruebas genéticas en la hipoacusia infantil

Introduction and objective: In developed countries, 60% of the neonatal hearing loss is hereditary and genetic analysis is the higher performance diagnostic procedure. With this paper we intend to demonstrate the importance of the genetic study of infant hearing loss, and the need for its implementation in Castilla y León (Spain). Material and method: We present a narrative review in which from the statements of national and international agencies responsible for ensuring the good performance of detection and early intervention of child hearing loss programs, we'll clear the unanimity of criteria regarding the need for such studies. Results: Genetic diagnosis allows understanding the cause of the deafness, establishing the possibility of specific treatment and prognosis. A general unanimous methodology, seeks to reach the etiological diagnosis that must be led by a genetics specialist who will ultimately be responsible for genetic counselling. Discussion: After applying for more than 10 years in Castilla y León (Spain) a "program of detection and early intervention of child hearing loss" and in view of the results, we consider absolutely necessary implementation of the genetic study of hearing loss, with their corresponding genetic counseling. Conclusions: There is unanimity of criteria in effectiveness and need for genetic diagnosis of infant hearing loss, we consider fundamental implementation in Castilla y León (Spain).Introducción y objetivo: En los países desarrollados, el 60% de las hipoacusias neonatales son hereditarias y el análisis genético es el procedimiento diagnóstico de mayor rendimiento. Con este trabajo pretendemos demostrar la importancia del estudio genético en la hipoacusia infantil, y la necesidad de su implantación en Castilla y León (España). Material y método: Presentamos una revisión narrativa en la que a partir de las declaraciones de los organismos nacionales e internacionales encargados de velar por el buen funcionamiento de los programas de detección e intervención precoz de la hipoacusia infantil, pondremos de manifiesto la unanimidad de criterios respecto a la necesidad de realizar este tipo de estudios. Resultados: El diagnóstico genético permite comprender la causa de la sordera, estableciendo el pronóstico y la posibilidad de tratamiento específico. A través de una metodología en general unánime, se pretende llegar al diagnóstico etiológico que debe ser conducido por un especialista en genética quien finalmente, será responsable del consejo genético. Discusión: Tras aplicar durante más de 10 años en Castilla y León (España) un “Programa de detección e intervención precoz de la hipoacusia infantil” y a la vista de los resultados presentados, consideramos absolutamente necesario la puesta en marcha del estudio genético de la hipoacusia, con su correspondiente consejo genético. Conclusiones: Existiendo unanimidad de criterio en la eficacia del diagnóstico genético de la hipoacusia infantil, consideramos fundamental su implantación en Castilla y León (España)

Modulation of chemical and sensory characteristics of red wine from Mencía by using indigenous <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> yeast strains

Aim: To evaluate the influence of native Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains in red wines from Vitis vinifera cv. Mencía: fermentative ability, inoculation success, and sensory and chemical characteristics of wines. Methods and results: Indigenous yeast strains (Sc5, Sc11, Sc21 and Sc24) were inoculated in grape musts and their inoculation success was followed by mtDNA-RFLP (mitochondrial DNA-restriction fragment length polymorphism) at different stages of fermentation. The results showed that the added yeast strains fermented in co-dominance with a resident strain, which also controlled the spontaneous processes. Chemical analysis of basic wine parameters using official methodologies showed significant differences among wines for alcohol degree and volatile acidity. Fermentative aroma compounds were determined by gas chromatography. Wines made with different yeast strains varied in higher alcohols, ethyl ester, 2-phenylethanol, ethyl lactate and acetoin content. Sensory analysis indicated that wine from strain Sc24 had the best overall score, whereas that from strain Sc11 achieved the highest scores for colour intensity, structure and fruity character. Conclusions: The application of selected S. cerevisiae strains allowed us to obtain differentiated wines from both the chemical and sensory points of view. Significance and impact of the study: The results confirmed that indigenous yeasts can be used to elaborate singular wines and may constitute a useful tool to diversify Mencía wines

Production and characterization of a novel distilled alcoholic beverage produced from blueberry (

Introduction. The cultivation of underutilized berries and the process production of high-value-added products, such as fruit-based spirits, could have a beneficial effect on the economy of disadvantaged rural mountain areas of Spain. However, production of a distilled alcoholic beverage from the blueberry has not been reported before. Materials and methods. The pulp of blueberries var. Bluecrop was fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae IFI83, distilled by using a steam drag distillation system and the volatile compounds were determined by gas chromatography. Results and discussion. In the distillate obtained, the mean concentrations of ethanol (45.3 mL 100 mL-1 distillate), volatile substances (317.1 g hL-1 absolute alcohol) and methanol (261.0 g hL-1 absolute alcohol) were in accordance with the specifications that the European Council (Regulation 110/2008) fixed for these compounds. In addition, the ratios [3-methyl-1-butanol/2-methyl-1-propanol] and [2-methyl-1-propanol/1-propanol] were 2.60 and 1.34, respectively, indicating that the distilled alcoholic beverage has a good organoleptic quality. Conclusion. The results suggest that blueberry can be successfully used for the production of a novel spirit with a good sensory quality that is safe for the consumers