114 research outputs found

    Faces of (and for) Toronto: Community-Engaged Portrait Projects in the Neoliberal City

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    This dissertation investigates how community-engaged photographic portrait projects variously support and challenge neoliberalism in Toronto. It examines how photographic portraiture is used to constitute communities that are simultaneously the public face of the diversity of the city and the targets of neoliberal rationality, policies, and procedures that further marginalize these groups. This research investigates how portrait projects variably demonstrate the intensified inequality of neoliberalism, while, at the same time, their focus on identity and community sometimes obscures the systemic causes of exclusion in the city. Chapter 1 considers how Pierre Maraval’s Mille Femmes (2008) and Dan Bergeron’s Regent Park Portraits (2008) harnessed the power of the spectacle to support and subvert urban neoliberalism. Chapter 2 discusses how Bergeron’s series, The Unaddressed (2009), contested austerity measures and argues that the vandalism of some of the posters in this series reflected harsh neoliberal worldviews. Chapter 3 examines Jameson Avenue Impressions (2009) and situates this project in Toronto’s global city strategy. This chapter explores how the current conditions of this project now challenge the vibrant image of Parkdale it once sought to represent. Finally, in the fourth chapter, I discuss Manifesto Festival’s participation in JR’s Inside Out Project (2011) to show that while this project used photographic portraiture to contest austerity politics, JR’s participatory methodology encourages citizens to perform neoliberal ideas of citizenship and community. This research contributes to the study of art, photography, and visual culture by considering new roles for photographers, subjects, and photographic portraiture in a global neoliberal era

    KÀsityön yhteys psyykkiseen hyvinvointiin

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    TiivistelmÀ. Tarkastelen tÀssÀ kandidaatintutkielmassa aiempia tutkimuksia kÀsityökasvatukseen ja sen historiaan liittyen. Tutkin kandidaatintutkielmassani miten kÀsillÀ tekeminen ja koulujen kÀsityökasvatus ja kÀsityöopetus vaikuttavat oppilaiden psyykkiseen hyvinvointiin. NÀiden lisÀksi tutkin myös miten kÀsityön tuomia positiivisia vaikutuksia yksilön psyykkiseen hyvinvointiin voidaan lisÀtÀ koulussa kÀsityön oppitunneilla. Tutkimukseni tyyppi on systemaattinen kirjallisuuskatsaus, joka kerÀÀ yhteen saman aihealueen tutkimuksia. Olen tÀtÀ tutkimusta varten kerÀnnyt yhteen kÀsitöihin ja hyvinvointiin liittyviÀ tutkimuksia ja tutkin niitÀ koulun nÀkökulmasta. NÀin ollen saadaan selville miten kÀsillÀ tekeminen ja kÀsityöt vaikuttavat oppilaiden hyvinvointiin koulun kontekstissa kÀsityön oppitunneilla. Tutkimuksessani kÀytÀn lÀhteitÀ vaihtelevasti eri vuosikymmeniltÀ. Osa lÀhteistÀ on suhteellisen vanhoja, mutta niissÀ esiintyvÀ tieto on pysynyt muuttumattomana kaikki nÀmÀ vuodet. TÀllaisia lÀhteitÀ ovat esimerkiksi kÀsityön historiaa koskeva lÀhdekirjallisuus ja kÀsityön mÀÀrittelemisessÀ kÀyttÀmÀni kirjallisuus. Vanhan lÀhdekirjallisuuden vastapainoksi kÀytÀn tutkimuksessani myös uusia tutkimuksia kÀsitöiden vaikutuksista yksilön hyvinvointiin liittyen. Tutkimukseni keskeisiÀ kÀsitteitÀ, jotka kantavat koko tutkielman lÀpi ovat kÀsillÀ tekeminen ja kÀsityöt sekÀ hyvinvointi. Avaan kÀsityöt ja kÀsillÀ tekemisen kÀsitteet niin formaalina koulumaailman nÀkökulmasta kuin harrastuspohjaltakin vapaa-ajan informaalina toimintana, kun taas hyvinvoinnin kÀsitettÀ kÀsittelen tutkimuksessani yleisenÀ arjessa esiintyvÀnÀ kÀsitteenÀ. Tutkimuksessani nousi esille kÀsityön oppiaineen arvostuksen vaihteleminen eri vuosikymmeninÀ Suomen kouluhistorian aikana. Esille tulivat myös kÀsityön eri vaikutukset niitÀ harrastaviin oppilaisiin ja yksilöihin: kÀsityö antaa paljon tekijÀlleen, niin psyykkisesti kuin fyysisestikin, mutta se saattaa myös aiheuttaa yksilölle epÀmiellyttÀviÀ stressitilanteita. Tutkielmani lopussa tarkastelenkin miten opettajat voivat auttaa oppilaita saavuttamaan koulussa kÀsityön avulla parhaan mahdollisen psyykkisen vaikutuksen omaan hyvinvointiinsa

    Noviisiluokanopettajien työn haasteet ja työhön saatava tuki opetusuran ensimmÀisinÀ vuosina

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    TiivistelmÀ. Laadullinen pro gradu -tutkielmamme tutkii noviisiluokanopettajien kokemia haasteita työnsÀ ensimmÀisinÀ vuosina ja sitÀ, millaista tukea he ovat niihin saaneet. Tutkimuksessa tuomme myös esille aineistosta nousseita kehitysideoita tuen tarjoamiseen. Teoriaa ohjaa aiheen ajankohtaisuus ja opettajuuden taustatekijÀt sekÀ koulu työympÀristönÀ. Aihetta on tutkittu Suomessa vÀhÀn verrattuna kansainvÀlisiin tutkimuksiin. TÀmÀn tutkielman tavoitteena on tuoda noviisiluokanopettajien ÀÀni esille työn haasteisiin ja tuen saamiseen liittyen. Tutkimuksemme pyrkii lisÀksi tuomaan konkreettisia keinoja ja toimia kehittÀÀ tuen saamista. KerÀsimme tutkielman aineiston kyselylomakkeella ja sen analysoinnissa hyödynsimme aineistolÀhtöistÀ sisÀllönanalyysiÀ. Aineistosta nousi esille noviisiluokanopettajien kohtaamat haasteet työnsÀ eri osa-alueilla. Haasteet olivat keskenÀÀn hyvin samankaltaisia ja painottuivat opetustyön ulkopuolisiin tekijöihin. Noviisiluokanopettajat olivat saaneet kohtaamiinsa haasteisiin vaihtelevaa tukea. Tuen saamiseen oli vaikuttanut muun muassa kÀytettÀvissÀ olevat koulukohtaiset resurssit. Tuen saamisessa korostui sen ilmeneminen koulun sisÀltÀpÀin tulevana toimintana esimerkiksi kollegiaalisena yhteistyönÀ ja perehdytyksenÀ. TÀmÀn lisÀksi vastaajat kokivat epÀmuodollisten yhteyksien nÀyttÀytyvÀn merkittÀvÀnÀ tekijÀnÀ tuen saamisessa, tÀllaisia olivat muun muassa ystÀvÀt ja puolisot. Tutkimuksemme tuloksissa ilmenee myös noviisiluokanopettajien nÀkemykset tuen saamisen kehitystyöhön. Kehitysideat nousivat esille noviisiluokanopettajien kokemuksista, toiveista ja tarpeista työuran alussa. Kehitysideat keskittyivÀt erityisesti koulun sisÀltÀpÀin tuleviin toimintatapoihin, mutta myös koulutuksen kehittÀmiseen. Tuen saamisen nÀhtiin olevan myös työn voimavaroja ja työhyvinvointia lisÀÀvÀ tekijÀ, joka edistÀisi työn mielekkyyttÀ ja vÀhentÀisi työkuormaa. KehitystyöllÀ nÀhtiin olevan merkittÀvÀ rooli noviisiopettajien tuen saamisen tasa-arvoistamisessa

    Adiposity has differing associations with incident coronary heart disease and mortality in the Scottish population: cross-sectional surveys with follow-up

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    Objective: Investigation of the association of excess adiposity with three different outcomes: all-cause mortality, coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality and incident CHD. Design: Cross-sectional surveys linked to hospital admissions and death records. Subjects: 19 329 adults (aged 18–86 years) from a representative sample of the Scottish population. Measurements: Gender-stratified Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause mortality, CHD mortality and incident CHD. Separate models incorporating the anthropometric measurements body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) or waist–hip ratio (WHR) were created adjusted for age, year of survey, smoking status and alcohol consumption. Results: For both genders, BMI-defined obesity (greater than or equal to30 kg m−2) was not associated with either an increased risk of all-cause mortality or CHD mortality. However, there was an increased risk of incident CHD among the obese men (hazard ratio (HR)=1.78; 95% confidence interval=1.37–2.31) and obese women (HR=1.93; 95% confidence interval=1.44–2.59). There was a similar pattern for WC with regard to the three outcomes; for incident CHD, the HR=1.70 (1.35–2.14) for men and 1.71 (1.28–2.29) for women in the highest WC category (men greater than or equal to102 cm, women greater than or equal to88 cm), synonymous with abdominal obesity. For men, the highest category of WHR (greater than or equal to1.0) was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality (1.29; 1.04–1.60) and incident CHD (1.55; 1.19–2.01). Among women with a high WHR (greater than or equal to0.85) there was an increased risk of all outcomes: all-cause mortality (1.56; 1.26–1.94), CHD mortality (2.49; 1.36–4.56) and incident CHD (1.76; 1.31–2.38). Conclusions: In this study excess adiposity was associated with an increased risk of incident CHD but not necessarily death. One possibility is that modern medical intervention has contributed to improved survival of first CHD events. The future health burden of increased obesity levels may manifest as an increase in the prevalence of individuals living with CHD and its consequences

    Examining the BMI-mortality relationship using fractional polynomials

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Many previous studies estimating the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and mortality impose assumptions regarding the functional form for BMI and result in conflicting findings. This study investigated a flexible data driven modelling approach to determine the nonlinear and asymmetric functional form for BMI used to examine the relationship between mortality and obesity. This approach was then compared against other commonly used regression models.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This study used data from the National Health Interview Survey, between 1997 and 2000. Respondents were linked to the National Death Index with mortality follow-up through 2005. We estimated 5-year all-cause mortality for adults over age 18 using the logistic regression model adjusting for BMI, age and smoking status. All analyses were stratified by sex. The multivariable fractional polynomials (MFP) procedure was employed to determine the best fitting functional form for BMI and evaluated against the model that includes linear and quadratic terms for BMI and the model that groups BMI into standard weight status categories using a deviance difference test. Estimated BMI-mortality curves across models were then compared graphically.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The best fitting adjustment model contained the powers -1 and -2 for BMI. The relationship between 5-year mortality and BMI when estimated using the MFP approach exhibited a J-shaped pattern for women and a U-shaped pattern for men. A deviance difference test showed a statistically significant improvement in model fit compared to other BMI functions. We found important differences between the MFP model and other commonly used models with regard to the shape and nadir of the BMI-mortality curve and mortality estimates.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The MFP approach provides a robust alternative to categorization or conventional linear-quadratic models for BMI, which limit the number of curve shapes. The approach is potentially useful in estimating the relationship between the full spectrum of BMI values and other health outcomes, or costs.</p

    Examining Alternative Measures of Social Disadvantage Among Asian Americans: The Relevance of Economic Opportunity, Subjective Social Status, and Financial Strain for Health

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    Socioeconomic position is often operationalized as education, occupation, and income. However, these measures may not fully capture the process of socioeconomic disadvantage that may be related to morbidity. Economic opportunity, subjective social status, and financial strain may also place individuals at risk for poor health outcomes. Data come from the Asian subsample of the 2003 National Latino and Asian American Study (n = 2095). Regression models were used to examine the associations between economic opportunity, subjective social status, and financial strain and the outcomes of self-rated health, body mass index, and smoking status. Education, occupation, and income were also investigated as correlates of these outcomes. Low correlations were observed between all measures of socioeconomic status. Economic opportunity was robustly negatively associated with poor self-rated health, higher body mass index, and smoking, followed by financial strain, then subjective social status. Findings show that markers of socioeconomic position beyond education, occupation, and income are related to morbidity among Asian Americans. This suggests that potential contributions of social disadvantage to poor health may be understated if only conventional measures are considered among immigrant and minority populations

    The relationship between body size and mortality in the linked Scottish Health Surveys: cross-sectional surveys with follow-up

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    Objective: To investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) or waist–hip ratio (WHR) and all-cause mortality or cause-specific mortality. Design: Cross-sectional surveys linked to hospital admissions and death records. Subjects: In total, 20 117 adults (aged 18–86 years) from a nationally representative sample of the Scottish population. Measurements: Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause, or cause-specific, mortality. The three anthropometric measurements BMI, WC and WHR were the main variables of interest. The following were adjustment variables: age, gender, smoking status, alcohol consumption, survey year, social class and area of deprivation. Results: BMI-defined obesity (greater than or equal to30 kg m−2) was not associated with increased risk of mortality (HR=0.93; 95% confidence interval=0.80–1.08), whereas the overweight category (25–&#60;30 kg m−2) was associated with a decreased risk (0.80; 0.70–0.91). In contrast, the HR for a high WC (mengreater than or equal to102 cm, womengreater than or equal to88 cm) was 1.17 (1.02–1.34) and a high WHR (mengreater than or equal to1, women&#8805;0.85) was 1.34 (1.16–1.55). There was an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality associated with BMI-defined obesity, a high WC and a high WHR categories; the HR estimates for these were 1.36 (1.05–1.77), 1.41 (1.11–1.79) and 1.44 (1.12–1.85), respectively. A low BMI (&#60;18.5 kg m−2) was associated with elevated HR for all-cause mortality (2.66; 1.97–3.60), for chronic respiratory disease mortality (3.17; 1.39–7.21) and for acute respiratory disease mortality (11.68; 5.01–27.21). This pattern was repeated for WC but not for WHR. Conclusions: It might be prudent not to use BMI as the sole measure to summarize body size. The alternatives WC and WHR may more clearly define the health risks associated with excess body fat accumulation. The lack of association between elevated BMI and mortality may reflect the secular decline in CVD mortality.</p
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