Az angol nyelvi szókincs elsajátításának kérdései magyar kontextusban

Both primary and secondary school students are taught a large number of vocabularies. Students mug up words and write ‘word tests’ day by day, so their ‘knowledge’ is seemingly assessed. Nevertheless, the results of these word tests might be misleading. What is the real number of vocabulary that is retained? What do these tests tell us about the students’ English vocabulary size? The presentation intends to give a brief insight into an alternative method, which measures learners’ vocabulary size and progress both in primary and secondary schools. The methodology of vocabulary size estimation in English, so that it is comparable with vocabulary size testing in other foreign languages, is described. The aim of the presentation is also to compare secondary school final year students’ English maturity exam results with the results of the Swansea X Jex vocabulary size test

Vocabulary acquisition of English as a foreign language in the Hungarian public sector.

The research in this dissertation is the first attempt in Hungary to reveal language learners' language proficiency in the public education sector through a vocabulary size test as an alternative method. Based on the assessment of vocabulary in learners' coursebooks, the analyses of teacher talk and the answers in learners' informal strategy questionnaire reveal the possible sources through which the learners' can get an access to new vocabulary and also what they do themselves in order to acquire new words in- and outside of the classroom. The results of this research can prove that even the Hungarian language learners' English language knowledge can be at a considerably good level. The starting point for the research was that both language teachers and students have been evaluating the Hungarian learners' English language knowledge as insufficient, despite the relatively many English classes in the public education. This negative assumption has been supported by the data of Eurostat (2009) statistics, which says that the Hungarians are the last ones in Europe concerning their foreign language knowledge. There has also been guessing that the Hungarian learners' English knowledge does not meet the international standards and like this it is falling behind foreign students' English language knowledge. The results show objectively how Hungarian learners' knowledge compares with other learners in other countries from the point of view of English as a foreign language. The current dissertation is hoped to be a substantial contribution to the field of teaching and learning English as a foreign language in Hungary, in particular, and to the field of second language vocabulary acquisition, in general

Involvement of p63 in the herpes simplex virus-1-induced demise of corneal cells

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The transcription factor p63 plays a pivotal role in the development and maintenance of epithelial tissues, including the ocular surface. In an effort to gain insight into the pathogenesis of keratitis caused by HSV-1, we determined the expression patterns of the p63 and Bax proteins in the Staatens Seruminstitute Rabbit Cornea cell line (SIRC).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>SIRC cells were infected with HSV-1 at various multiplicities and maintained for different periods of time. Virus replication was measured by indirect immunofluorescence assay and Western blot analysis. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. The apoptotic response of the infected cells was quantified by ELISA detecting the enrichment of nucleosomes in the cytoplasm. Western blot analysis was used to determine the levels of p63 and Bax proteins.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Indirect immunofluorescence assays and Western blot analyses demonstrated the presence of HSV-1 glycoprotein D (gD) in the infected SIRC cell line, and the pattern of gD expression was consistent with efficient viral replication. The results of MTT and ELISA assays showed that HSV-1 elicited a strong cytopathic effect, and apoptosis played an important role in the demise of the infected cells. Mock-infected SIRC cells displayed the constitutive expression of ΔNp63α. The expressions of the Bax-β and TAp63γ isoforms were considerably increased, whereas the level of ΔNp63α was decreased in the HSV-1-infected SIRC cells. Experiments involving the use of acyclovir showed that viral DNA replication was necessary for the accumulation of TAp63γ.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These data suggest that a direct, virus-mediated cytopathic effect may play an important role in the pathogenic mechanism of herpetic keratitis. By disturbing the delicate balance between the pro-survival ΔN and the pro-apoptotic TA isoforms, HSV-1 may cause profound alterations in the viability of the ocular cells and in the tissue homeostasis of the ocular surface.</p

REVEALING THE PRESENCE OF THE EAST ASIAN LEAFHOPPER TAUTONEURA POLYMITUSA (HEMIPTERA: AUCHENORRHYNCHA: CICADELLIDAE: TYPHLOCYBINAE) IN SERBIA THROUGH DNA BARCODING

After the first observations of cicadas of the subfamily Typhlocybinae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae), a specific white-orange-red coloration in Zrenjanin and Melenci in 2017 and 2018, four females of the same habitus were collected in August 2019 in Belgrade and Special Nature Reserve “Deliblato Sands”. External morphology analyzes indicated that they are most similar to the East Asian invasive species present in Europe, Tautoneura polymitusa Oh &amp; Jung 2016. Due to the lack of sampled males, reliable species determination required the use of molecular methods. Since no nucleotide sequences of the barcoding region of the COI gene of the T. polymitus species are available in gene banks, specimens of males collected in Budapest at the site of the first find of the species in Europe were attached to the genetic identification. After successful multiplication and sequencing of the COI barcoding region, 100% genetic matching of the sequences of the analyzed females from Serbia and males from Hungary was determined. The obtained results confirm the presence of allochthonous cicada T. rolymitus in Serbia and indicate the importance of the barcoding method which in the context of biodiversity research successfully overcomes sampling problems such as small number of specimens or absence of males

CBT Reduces CBF

Background: Imaging studies have provided evidence that cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT ) is able to change brain activation in phobic patients in response to threatening stimuli. The changes occurred in both emotion‐generating and modulatory regions. In this study, we use a data‐driven approach to explore resting state cerebral blood flow (CBF ) measured by arterial spin labeling (ASL ), before and after CBT. Methods: Eight female patients with spider phobia were scanned before and 1 month after an exposure‐based group therapy for spider phobia. Each MRI session consisted of an ASL resting state measurement acquired before and after a symptom provocation task involving the showing of spider pictures in the scanner. The first ASL acquisition measured anticipatory anxiety and the second measured postprocessing of phobia‐relevant stimuli. Results: Cognitive‐behavioral therapy significantly reduced spider phobic symptoms in all patients. Symptom reduction during anticipatory anxiety was accompanied by reduced bilateral CBF in the parahippocampal gyrus, ventral anterior thalamus, Brodmann area 8, and the anterior cingulate cortex. During postprocessing of phobia‐relevant stimuli, patients showed reduced CBF in the bilateral insula, components of the motor cortex, and areas associated with language functions. Conclusions: Longitudinal CBF dynamics following CBT were in concordance with results from several studies using BOLD fMRI to investigate the effects of psychotherapy on brain activity. CBF can be quantified by ASL , with the principal advantage of sensitivity to slow variations in neural activity and task independence. Therefore, ASL may be a suitable method for monitoring and evaluating the efficacy of psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy approaches

Correlations between vegetative autonomic function and specific left atrial functions in healthy adults

The functioning of the left atrium (LA) is partly controlled by the neural system. It was purposed to evaluate correlations between the result of Ewing's 5 standard cardiovascular reflex tests (SCRTs) characterizing autonomic function and LA volumetric and functional features as assessed by three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (3DSTE) in healthy individuals.The current study comprised 18 healthy volunteers being in sinus rhythm (mean age: 35 ± 12 years, 10 men). Measurement of blood pressure, ECG, 5 SCRTs, two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography and 3DSTE were performed. These parameters were in normal ranges in all cases.From LA volumetric parameters, only systolic total atrial emptying fraction (r = 0.559, p = 0.037) and early diastolic passive atrial emptying fraction (r = 0.539, p = 0.047) correlated with systolic blood pressure response to standing representing sympathetic autonomic function. From LA strains, peak mean segmental LA radial strain (RS) (r = -0.532, p = 0.050), global and mean segmental LA circumferential strain (CS) (r = 0.662, p = 0.010 and r = 0.635, p = 0.015, respectively) representing systolic LA function correlated with Valsalva ratio representing parasympathetic autonomic function. Global LA-RS (r = -0.713, p = 0.040) and LA-CS (r = 0.657, p = 0.011) and mean segmental LA-CS (r = 0.723, p = 0.003) at atrial contraction representing end-diastolic atrial contraction showed correlations with Valsalva ratio, as well. Peak global and mean segmental LA-CS (r = 0.532, p = 0.050 and r = 0.530, p = 0.050) and the same strains at atrial contraction (r = 0.704, p = 0.005 and r = 0.690, p = 0.006) representing systolic function and end-diastolic atrial contraction correlated with systolic blood pressure response to standing representing both parasympathetic and sympathetic autonomic functions.Significant correlations between features of vegetative autonomic function represented by Ewing's 5 SCRTs and specific LA functions represented by 3DSTE-derived LA volume-based functional properties and strains could be demonstrated in healthy adults