Propuesta para la reducción del impacto ambiental a través del manejo eficiente de los residuos sólidos industriales en una empresa minera, La Libertad 2019

El presente estudio sobre la Propuesta para la reducción del impacto ambiental a través del manejo eficiente de los residuos sólidos industriales en una empresa minera, tuvo como objetivo diseñar una propuesta de tratamiento eficiente de los residuos sólidos industriales en una empresa minera para reducir el impacto ambiental. El diseño metodológico corresponde a una investigación Pre - Experimental, Transaccional, Descriptivo correlacional. Se concluye que la problemática es la ineficiente identificación de la cantidad de residuos generados por puntos de acopio, dado que solo se clasifica por riesgo y zonas. Y la falta de conocimiento sobre prácticas medio ambientales por parte de los trabajadores de la empresa minera. El diseño del plan de manejo de residuos sólidos, dando una nueva codificación a cada punto de acopio y la elaboración de nuevos registros y base de datos para el monitoreo y control de los residuos sólidos, permitió mejorar los indicadores de gestión. Finalmente, a través de un manejo eficiente de los residuos sólidos industriales en la empresa minera, estos se redujeron en 7,9% en el periodo de estudio. Asimismo, los indicadores anuales de generación per cápita de residuos sólidos del 2019 con relación al 2018 tuvo una disminución promedio de 3,0%

Design of a Fuzzy Controller for the calculation of atmospheric comfort in a greenhouse

This article describes the design of a fuzzy controller to monitor atmospheric comfort in a greenhouse. Well- being inside a greenhouse is reflected in two significant parameters: temperature, which ranges between 20°C and 25°C, and relative humidity, which should be around 50%. For the monitoring and control of the parameters similar above, the optimal formation of the microclimate in a greenhouse is necessary. Relative humidity and temperature calculation was performed, which helps to predict comfort by implementing a soft sensor using fuzzy logic. The objective of this research is to demonstrate the effectiveness for the automation and monitoring of artificial intelligence processes, in this case «fuzzy logic», which is based on the user experience. In addition, in this article basic electronics, programming and intermediate level knowledge in fuzzy logic were applied to obtain effective parameters for the implementation of a greenhouse control system

Effects of whole-body vibration on thigh neuromuscular activity

Introduction The use of whole-body vibration (WBV) appears to influence in a positive way the performance of athletes in certain characteristics such as muscular strength, power and body balance. The aim of this study was to compare the acute neuromuscular activity caused by different vibration frequencies (15Hz and 25Hz), and different knee flexion angles (120° and 150°). Methods A total of 19 male university students underwent 4 sessions of WBV. The subjects were exposed randomly to four different WBV protocols using a vibration platafform (Galileu 2000).The amplitude allowed by the vibration platform was (peak-to-peak) 3 mm. Each vibration session lasted 6 min and they accomplish a rest period of one day between sessions. The protocols used were: 15 Hz of vibration and 120º of knee flexion; 15 Hz and 150º; 25 Hz and 120º; and 25 Hz and 150º. Muscle activity exerted by the muscles Vastus Intermedius (VI), Vastus Lateralis (VL), Vastus Medialis (VM) and Biceps Femoris (BF) were evaluated by electromyographic analysis (Biopac MP 100, Biopac Systems Inc. Goleta, CA, EUA). Paired Samples T test with repeated measures was used to compare the main effects of muscle activity of each test. Results When comparing the two angles of knee flexion (120° vs 150°) with the 15Hz frequency, it was found a different EMG response of the VI (P=0,01), VL (P=0,00), VM (P=0,001) and BF (P=0,02) muscles. Conversely, when it was applied a 25Hz frequency, the angles of knee flexion showed no significant changes on neuromuscular response. Considering the two frequencies of vibration, the neuromuscular response showed significant differences in VI (P=0,046), VL (P=0,036), VM (P=0,028) e BF (P=0,025) muscles, only with 150° of knee flexion. Discussion The results of the present study suggest that in this specific position the increase on vibration frequencies, induce an increased on EMG activity on leg muscles. Similar results were observed by Hazell et col (2007). As suggest by Cardinale and Lim (2003), vibrations-induced increases in EMG activity and the consequent degree of motor unit synchronization have been shown to be dependent on the vibration frequency. It was concluded that exposing young people to low – frequency vibration, the neuromuscular activation decreases when increasing the degree of knee flexion. However, when using a degree of knee flexion of 150°, the electromyographic activity increases with the increasing frequency of vibration, more specifically, when increasing the vibration frequency from 15Hz to 25Hz. References 1. Hazel T.J., Jakobi J.M., Kenno K.A. (2007). Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 32: 1156-1163; 2. Cardinale M, Lim J. (2003) Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 17(3), 621–624

Shoulder rotator isokinetic strength profile in young swimmers

Considering that some studies suggest that shoulder rotators muscle imbalances are related to joint pain and injury, and that there are no normative data for young swimmers, the aim of this study was: i) to describe the muscle balance, fatigue and isokinetic strength profile of the shoulder rotators in young swimmers; ii) to compare the results between swimmers and a group of young non-practitioners; iii) to contribute to the acquisition of normative data of unilateral ratios of shoulder rotators. We evaluated the shoulder rotators concentric strength and unilateral ratios (ratio between torque of external and internal rotators) of 60 swimmers (age: 14.55 ± 0.5 years old; body mass: 61.16 ± 7.08 kg) and 60 non-practitioners (age: 14.62 ± 0.49 years old; body mass: 60.22 ± 10.01 kg). The evaluation was performed in the sitting position (90° abduction and elbow flexion) at 60º.s-1 and 180º.s-1 angular speeds using an isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex System 3). The results of the fatigue ratios revealed no differences between the groups. Swimmers showed unilateral ratios of 73.39 ± 17.26% in the dominant limb (DL) and 77.89 ± 15,23% in the non-dominant limb (NDL) for assessments at 60º.s-1. At 180º.s-1, ratios were 74.77± 13.99% for DL and 70.11 ± 14.57% for NDL. Swimmers presented greater muscle imbalance, and differed from non-practitioners in the ability to produce power with the internal rotators, which was significantly higher in the former group

Effects of shoulder compensatory strength training program in rotator cuff strength of young swimmers.

INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to evaluate de effects of 16 week compensatory strength training program in shoulder strength and respective conventional ratios (concentric ER/IR). METHODS A total of 40 national level male swimmers were assessed and randomly divided in two groups – experimental group (N=20)-(age:14.65±0.67 years old, height:173.48±6.87 cm, body mass:63.15±5.68 kg) and control group (N=20)-(age:14.60±0.60 years old, height: 170.79±6.48 cm, body mass:61.73±4.68 kg). Experimental subjects participated in a 16 week shoulder strength program with Thera-Band® elastic bands (3 times a week). The peak-torque of shoulder internal (IR) and external rotators (ER) was measured in both groups at baseline and after 16 weeks. Concentric action at 60º/s (3 rep) and 180º/s (20 rep) were measured, in a seated position, with the shoulder at 90º of abduction and the elbow flexed to 90º, using an isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex System 3 – Biodex Corp., Shirley, USA). Anova with repeated measures was used to determine significant main effects in shoulder rotators strength and unilateral ER/IR ratios. The level of significance was set at 0.05. RESULTS Significant differences were found in all variables that measure the ER shoulder strength at 60º/s in dominant(DT) (P=0.031) and non-dominant(NDT) shoulder (P=0.001). Meanwhile concentric action at 180º/s, only showed significant differences on DT shoulder (P=0.032). In respect of ER/IR ratio, a compensatory strength training programme induces significant differences in both shoulders at 60º/s (DT: P=0.001; NDT: P=0.001). At 180º/s we just found significant effects on the DT ER/IR ratio (P=0.002). DISCUSSION The results of this study support earlier research [1] that showed that the unilateral shoulder strength ratios increases substantially after a period of a strength training program. Since the ratios describe the quality of muscular balance/imbalance [1], we can conclude that a 16 week compensatory shoulder strength training program using Thera-Band® elastic bands, reduces muscular imbalances in rotator cuff of competitive young swimmers. These results highlight the useful of this kind of compensatory program to prevent shoulder injuries

Análisis de casos de auditoría forense como herramienta para diseñar un sistema de prevención e identificación de factores de riesgo de fraude administrativo, en las pequeñas empresas comerciales del municipio de San Salvador.

En El Salvador según la Comisión Nacional de la Micro y Pequeña Empresa (CONAMYPE) las pequeñas empresas se clasifican según dos criterios: el primero es su número de empleados, con un máximo de 50; segundo por sus ventas brutas, con un rango que va de $144,600.00 hasta$1, 445,100.00. En el municipio de San Salvador existen 1,084 pequeñas empresas, según datos brindados por la Dirección General de Estadísticas y Censos. Es por el rol importante de estas empresas que se plantea verificar la necesidad de crear un sistema de prevención del riesgo de fraude administrativo. El fraude administrativo es un peligro constante en todas las empresas, se puede decir que es un riesgo inherente, pero en la pequeña existe una condición especial y es que este no se está gestionando, pero ¿por qué decir que estas entidades no gestionan sus riesgos? Según el presente trabajo de investigación estas empresas que están ubicadas específicamente en el municipio de San Salvador no gestionan sus riesgos y tampoco tienen mayores controles internos aun cuando los consideran importantes. El propósito del presente trabajo es la creación de un sistema de prevención e identificación de factores de riesgo de fraude administrativo para las pequeñas empresas comerciales, basado en casos reales y públicos, en los cuales se ha utilizado la auditoría forense para poder esclarecerlos, de esta forma se obtienen los insumos necesarios para poder prevenir las formas de defraudación en las empresas. Se analizaron seis casos, con las sentencias de los mismos en los tribunales, identificando las formas en que se cometieron los delitos en las empresas, con esto se pretendió entenderlos, ii analizando qué tan probable es la ocurrencia de estos en las pequeñas empresas y así buscar formas de prevenirlos utilizando específicamente la “Norma Técnica Salvadoreña NTS ISO 31000:2009 Gestión de Riesgos - Principios y Guías”. Se realizó una investigación de campo, y los datos recolectados fueron analizados bajo el método hipotético deductivo y se utilizó el cuestionario como instrumento de obtención de datos. En el procesamiento de la información se confirmó que las pequeñas empresas comerciales están expuestas a los fraudes de tipo administrativo pues no cuentan con mecanismos que reduzcan el riesgo de ocurrencia de estos. Al realizar el diagnóstico de la información de campo y el análisis de los casos reales, se creó un sistema de prevención e identificación de factores de riesgo de fraude administrativo, especialmente diseñado para las pequeñas empresas comerciales, no obstante puede ser de utilidad para reforzar o implementar políticas de control interno en diferentes empresas. Por tanto según la información recopilada en esta investigación, se recomienda a las empresas la implementación del Sistema de Control Interno basado en la NTS ISO 31000 para poder prevenir de manera adecuada y oportuna el riesgo de fraudes administrativos

NMR as evaluation strategy for cellular uptake of nanoparticles

Advanced nanostructured materials, such as gold nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, and multifunctional materials, are nowadays used in many state-of-the-art biomedical application. However, although the engineering in this field is very advanced, there remain some fundamental problems involving the interaction mechanisms between nanostructures and cells or tissues. Here we show the potential of 1H NMR in the investigation of the uptake of two different kinds of nanostructures, that is, maghemite and gold nanoparticles, and of a chemotherapy drug (Temozolomide) in glioblastoma tumor cells. The proposed experimental protocol provides a new way to investigate the general problem of cellular uptake for a variety of biocompatible nanostructures and drugs. © 2014 American Chemical Society

Management o an exposed fracture in Primary Health Attention. A propos of a case.

Se presenta un caso de fractura expuesta de tibia, asistido inicialmente en su área de salud y remitido a la atención secundaria por evolución tórpida. Se realiza valoración adecuada tomándose conducta consecuente y se establecen pautas en el tratamiento. Se llega a la conclusión que la atención inmediata con enfoque multidisciplinario garantiza una adecuada evolución del paciente, lográndose así una pronta recuperación e incorporación a la vida social y demostrándose la importancia del adecuado manejo de  esta lesión traumática en la atención primaria.It is presented a case of an exposed tibial fracture first assisted in a Primary Health Attention and then transferred to Secondary Health Attention because of torpid evolution. It was made an adequate valoration taking consequent conduct, and there were established standard treatment. It was concluded that immediate attention with multidisciplinary approach guarantees an adequate patient evolution, obtaining a fast recuperation, and incorporation to social life, demonstrating the importance of an adequate management in this traumatic lesion in Primary Health Attention

Malaria Clusters among Illegal Chinese Immigrants to Europe through Africa

Between November 2002 and March 2003, 17 cases of malaria (1 fatal) were observed in illegal Chinese immigrants who traveled to Italy through Africa. A further cluster of 12 was reported in August, 2002. Several immigrants traveled by air, making the risk of introducing sudden acute respiratory syndrome a possibility should such illegal immigrations continue

Highly cohesive dual nanoassemblies for complementary multiscale bioimaging

International audienceInnovative nanostructures made of a high payload of fluorophores and superparamagnetic nanoparticles (NPs) have simply been fabricated upon self-assembling in a two-step process. The resulting hybrid supraparticles displayed a dense shell of iron oxide nanoparticles tightly attached through an appropriate polyelectrolyte to a highly emissive non-doped nanocore made of more than 10 5 small organic molecules. Cooperative magnetic dipole interactions arose due to the closely packed magnetic NPs at the nanoarchitecture surface, causing enhanced NMR transverse relaxivity. Large in vivo MRI T 2 contrast was thus obtained with unusually diluted solutions after intravenous injection in small rodents. Two-photon excited fluorescence imaging could be performed, achieving unprecedented location resolution for agents combining both magnetic nanoparticles and fluorescence properties. Finally, TEM imaging of the sectioned mouse tissue succeeded in isolating the core–shell structures, which represents the first image of intact complex magnetic and fluorescent nanoassemblies upon in vivo injection. Such highly cohesive dual nanoarchitectures should open great horizons toward the assessment with high spatial resolution of the drug or labeled stem cell biodistribution