The association between nurse staffing and omissions in nursing care: A systematic review.

AIMS: To identify nursing care most frequently missed in acute adult inpatient wards and to determine evidence for the association of missed care with nurse staffing. BACKGROUND: Research has established associations between nurse staffing levels and adverse patient outcomes including in-hospital mortality. However, the causal nature of this relationship is uncertain and omissions of nursing care (referred as missed care, care left undone or rationed care) have been proposed as a factor which may provide a more direct indicator of nurse staffing adequacy. DESIGN: Systematic review. DATA SOURCES: We searched the Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Embase and Medline for quantitative studies of associations between staffing and missed care. We searched key journals, personal libraries and reference lists of articles. REVIEW METHODS: Two reviewers independently selected studies. Quality appraisal was based on the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence quality appraisal checklist for studies reporting correlations and associations. Data were abstracted on study design, missed care prevalence and measures of association. Synthesis was narrative. RESULTS: Eighteen studies gave subjective reports of missed care. Seventy-five per cent or more nurses reported omitting some care. Fourteen studies found low nurse staffing levels were significantly associated with higher reports of missed care. There was little evidence that adding support workers to the team reduced missed care. CONCLUSIONS: Low Registered Nurse staffing is associated with reports of missed nursing care in hospitals. Missed care is a promising indicator of nurse staffing adequacy. The extent to which the relationships observed represent actual failures, is yet to be investigated

A Comparison of the Voices of the Spanish Bartolomé de Las Casas and the Portuguese Fernando Oliveira on Just War and Slavery

This investigation compares the Spanish cleric, Bartolomé de Las Casas, with the Portuguese cleric, Fernando Oliveira, both of whom raised their voices in protest during the sixteenth century as Portugal and Spain politically extended, economically exploited, and religiously expanded into the Atlantic World. Las Casas condemned the wars of conquest and the consequent unjust enslavement of New World indigenous peoples; Oliveira condemned unjust warfare waged to promote and sustain the slave trade along the West African coast. This analysis demonstrates that both priests denounced warfare that violated the principles of just war and therefore resulted in enslavements without just cause.Esta investigação compara o clérigo espanhol, Bartolomé de Las Casas, com o clérigo Português, Fernando Oliveira. Ambos levantaram as suas vozes em protesto durante o século XVI, à medida que tanto Portugal como Espanha se fixavam no Novo Mundo com visibilidade ao nível político, económico e religioso. Las Casas condenou as guerras de conquista e a consequente escravização injusta dos povos indígenas do Novo Mundo; Oliveira condenou a guerra injusta travada para promover e apoiar o comércio de escravos ao longo da Costa Ocidental Africana. Esta análise demonstra que os dois sacerdotes denunciaram a guerra que violava os princípios da guerra justa e, portanto, favoreceu a escravatura sem justa causa

Un muy breve relato de una vida muy larga: Bartolomé de Las Casas (1484-1566). A Very Brief Account of a Very Long Life: Bartolomé de Las Casas (1484-1566)

En este ensayo, se presenta una cronología de la lucha que mantuvo Bartolomé de Las Casas durante toda su vida por la justicia para los pueblos indígenas. Después de su primera conversión en 1514, ofreció tres proyectos de reforma; luego de una segunda conversión en 1522, ingresó a la Orden Dominicana, estudió filosofía y teología, y perfeccionó sus conocimientos en derecho canónico. En la década de 1520, escribió Del único modo, un tratado misiológico que fomentaba la evangelización pacífica y persuasiva, condenaba las guerras de conquista y exigía la restitución por los males y los daños ocasionados. En la década de 1530, sus escritos contribuyeron a importantes documentos papales. En la década de 1540, impulsó la redacción de las Leyes Nuevas para prohibir la esclavitud de indios y el sistema de encomiendas, escribió su más conocido texto Brevísima para denunciar la conquista y, como obispo de la diócesis de Chiapa, escribió el Confesionario para hacer cumplir las Leyes Nuevas y para imponer la restitución. En la década de 1550, luego de finalizar la Apologética historia sumaria y la Apología, publicó y distribuyó una serie de ocho tratados que contenían lo mejor de su pensamiento jurídico, filosófico y teológico. En la década de 1560, Las Casas continuó defendiendo los derechos de los indígenas en la corte en España, y publicó la trilogía final de sus obrasmás contundentes y proféticas: escritos que sumaban más de 300 en el momento de su muerte

Un muy breve relato de una vida muy larga: Bartolomé de Las Casas (1484-1566).

This essay presents a chronology of Bartolomé de Las Casas’s lifelong battle for justice for the Indigenous peoples. After his first conversion in 1514, he offered three reform projects; after a second conversion in 1522, he entered the Dominicans, studied philosophy and theology, as well as honed his canon law expertise. In the 1520s, he produced the Del único modo – a missiological treatise promoting peaceful and persuasive evangelization, condemning wars of conquest, and demanding restitution for the evils and harms done. In the 1530s, his writings contributed to significant papal documents. In the 1540s, he “made” the Leyes Nuevas to prohibit enslavements; he wrote his most well-known Brevísima to denounce the conquest and, as bishop of Chiapa diocese, he developed theConfesionario to enforce the Leyes Nuevas and to compel restitution. In the 1550s, after completing the Apologética historia sumaria and the Apología, he published and distributed a series of eight treatises that contained the best of his juridical-philosophic-theological thought. In the 1560s, Las Casas continued to defend Indigenous rights at court in Spain, and published the final trilogy of his most forceful and prescient works – writings that numbered more than 300 at the time of his death.En este ensayo, se presenta una cronología de la lucha que mantuvo Bartolomé de Las Casas durante toda su vida por la justicia para los pueblos indígenas. Después de su primera conversión en 1514, ofreció tres proyectos de reforma; luego de una segunda conversión en 1522, ingresó a la Orden Dominicana, estudió filosofía y teología, y perfeccionó sus conocimientos en derecho canónico. En la década de 1520, escribió Del único modo, un tratado misiológico que fomentaba la evangelización pacífica y persuasiva, condenaba las guerras de conquista y exigía la restitución por los males y los daños ocasionados. En la década de 1530, sus escritos contribuyeron a importantes documentos papales. En la década de 1540, impulsó la redacción de las Leyes Nuevas para prohibir la esclavitud de indios y el sistema de encomiendas, escribió su más conocido textoBrevísima para denunciar la conquista y, como obispo de la diócesis de Chiapa, escribió el Confesionario para hacer cumplir las Leyes Nuevas y para imponer la restitución. En la década de 1550, luego de finalizar la Apologética historiasumaria y la Apología, publicó y distribuyó una serie de ocho tratados que contenían lo mejor de su pensamiento jurídico, filosófico y teológico.En la década de 1560, Las Casas continuó defendiendo los derechos de los indígenas en la corte en España, y publicó la trilogía final de sus obras más contundentes y proféticas: escritos que sumaban más de 300 en el momento de su muert

The unheard voice of law in Bartolome de Las Casas's "Brevisima relacion de la destruicion de las Indias"

xiv, 485 p.The organizing principle of this dissertation is that Las Casas's most famous work, the Brevisima relacion , is primarily an intricately reasoned legal argument against the excesses of early Spanish colonialism rather than a fiery polemical diatribe by the "first human rights activist." Contrary to such anachronistic (though enduringly popular) characterization, this study employs a historical perspective to view this influential text as belonging to the genres of the early modern juridical tradition. Accordingly, this investigation begins by examining the historical matrix of fifteenth-century and early sixteenth-century Spain to properly contextualize Las Casas's early life and certain initial colonial institutions of the Spanish Indies. Similarly, his juridical expertise is firmly rooted in an explication of his contemporaneous formation in canon law and theology. From these foundational strands of his life and work, his maturing juridical voice spoke most decisively in certain of the major debates among Spanish jurists, theologians, and politicians--as well as in the Brevísima relación --in the wake of the Iberian "discovery" of what was for all concerned a physical as well as philosophical "New World." The combined focus of subsequent chapters elucidates the fundamentally juridical dimensions of the text, beginning with the specific context accompanying its genesis in 1542 until its publication a decade later. The treatise's legal character as an official publication based on various evidentiary sources is further revealed by the text's triple function--to inform, to denounce, and to petition, which in turn corresponds to the genres of relaciones, denuncias , and peticiones of the civil juridical tradition. The Brevísima relación 's content unveils far more than this; the epistemological rationale and analytic framework are intimately linked to canonistic, Thomistic, and biblical genres of the ecclesial juridical tradition. Continuing this historical investigation, the concluding chapter demonstrates anew the fundamental grounding of Las Casas's approach in the vibrant first generations of juristic discourse of the so-called Spanish colonial era. His multifaceted juridical voice was distinctively encoded in a powerful melding of civil and ecclesial legal traditions. This dissertation intends to communicate this voice intelligibly with the proper accents of the past.Committee in charge: Dr. Robert Haskett, Chairperson; Dr. Carlos Aguirre, Member; Dr. Stephanie Wood, Member; Dr. David Luebke, Member; Dr. Stephen Shoemaker, Outside Membe

Review of \u3cem\u3eLlamado a la misión pacífica: la dimensión religiosa de la libertad en Bartolomé de las Casas\u3c/em\u3e by Ramón Valdivia Giménez

The article reviews the book Llamado a la misión pacífica: la dimensión religiosa de la libertad en Bartolomé de las Casas by Ramón Valdivia Giménez