La expansión de la banca y el comercio genovés en los siglos XVI y XVII. La presencia de los Vivaldo en la monarquía hispánica

El espíritu comercial de los grandes linajes nobiliarios genoveses les permitió constituirse en uno de los grupos más importantes y dinámicos del entramado mercantil y financiero de la Corona española durante los siglos XVI y XVII. Los Vivaldo serán una de estas familias, cuyas actividades económicas estarán muy diversificadas, siendo, entre otros, los negocios en torno a las rentas eclesiales los que les proporcionarán un gran impulso, aunque será también el detonante de su caída

Design and applicability of low cost tubular digestors to produce biogas with animal manure

Grado en Ingeniería de los Recursos Minero

An approach to the life of a woman of the high society of the 17th century. Francisca Fernández de Merodio

En este trabajo hemos plasmado la vida de Francisca Antonia Fernández de Merodio, una mujer de la alta sociedad del siglo XVII, esposa de un banquero y embajador, cuyo papel en su matrimonio se circunscribirá a ser madre y anfitriona doméstica para facilitar los intereses financieros y diplomáticos de su marido. La riqueza y opulencia desplegada en su mundo cotidiano contrastará con su religiosidad, a la que se asirá con mayor ímpetu cuando fallezcan prematuramente sus hijos en la más tierna infancia y cuando el único que sobreviva ingrese en la Compañía de Jesús, lo que marcará también su actitud ante la muerte

Juan Bautista Cassani Vivaldo. A Genoese Businessman as Diplomatic Agent of the Swiss Cantons in the Madrid of Carlos II

The defence of their territories will force the Hispanic Monarchy to a continued recruitment of regiments from the Swiss Cantons, which will encourage their bilateral relationships. The cantonal envoys will play an essential role in the diplomatic networks. This research has focused on the task carried out in the Spanish court, during the second half of seventeenth century, by the Swiss ambassador Juan Bautista Cassani Vivaldo, a Genoese businessman with important contacts inside the political elite.</p

Modelo de localización de paradas de bus considerando la operativa e incidencias en la red

RESUMEN: En esta tesis se aborda el problema de localización de paradas de trasporte público. Para ello se ha propuesto un modelo de localización de paradas de bus mediante la aplicación secuencial de dos enfoques: un primer enfoque estratégico en el que se localizan las paradas de bus en todo el sistema de transporte público a escala macroscópica y un segundo enfoque táctico a escala microscópica donde, a partir de la solución macroscópica obtenida, se afina la ubicación de paradas en ejes específicos de una ciudad. El Modelo Macroscópico propuesto se basa en un modelo de optimización bi-nivel, compuesto de un nivel superior que minimiza una función de costes totales del sistema (Coste Social) y un nivel inferior en el que se incluye un modelo de partición modal-asignación. Además tiene en cuenta la influencia del tráfico privado, la operativa de la red vial y la congestión en los viales, vehículos de transporte público y paradas de bus. Por su parte, el Modelo Microscópico propuesto se apoya en el modelo previo macroscópico y permite obtener la localización óptima de las paradas de autobús dentro de un corredor urbano atendiendo a maximizar la velocidad comercial del transporte público en dicho eje. La validez y utilidad de los modelos propuestos se han comprobado mediante la aplicación a un caso real: la ciudad de Santander, donde se ha conseguido optimizar el sistema existente consiguiendo una mejora del servicio de transporte público con menos recursos, aumentando la velocidad comercial en un 10% y reduciendo la flota necesaria en un 3%. Además se ha realizado un profundo análisis de sensibilidad, analizando el comportamiento y la relación entre las diferentes variables del problema.ABSTRACT: This thesis deals with the problem of locating stops on public transport systems from two sequentially applied perspectives. The first strategic perspective locates all the bus stops throughout the public transport system at a macroscopic scale and the second tactical perspective uses the macroscopic solution obtained beforehand to finely adjust the location of stops on a microscopic scale at specific points throughout the city. The proposed Macroscopic Model is based on a bi-level optimization model made up of an upper level minimizing a function of the overall system costs (Social Cost) and a lower level which includes a modal split assignment model. The model also takes into account the influence of bus stop location, private traffic, road operation and transit vehicle congestion. In turn, the proposed Microscopic Model is supported by the previous macroscopic model and allows the optimal location for bus stops to be found along an urban corridor whilst trying to maximise the commercial speed of the transit vehicles along this axis. The validity and usefulness of the proposed models have been checked with their application to a real case: the city of Santander, where the existing system has been optimised by improving the public transport service using fewer resources, increasing the commercial speed by 10% and reducing the fleet needed to do it by 3%. An in-depth sensitivity analysis has also been performed, analysing the behaviour and the relationship between the different variables of the problem.Mi agradecimiento al CEDEX del Ministerio de Fomento y al Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia por la financiación de los proyectos TRA2006-14663/MODAL y PT-2006-027-06IAPP los cuales han posibilitado la realización de esta tesis

Illegal Use of Loading Bays and Its Impact on the Use of Public Space

Loading bays are public spaces reserved for the operation of freight vehicles, and it is well known that there are significant problems concerning their use due to non-compliance with existing regulations. Unlawful use of loading bays leads to double parking, or to parking on the pavement or in restricted areas. This article has two objectives: Firstly, the study and analysis of the use of loading bays (type of demand, parking duration, illegal use, etc.), as well as their use according to their morphology. Secondly, the quantitative assessment of the influence of illegal use with regard to the efficient use of public urban space. Illegal use is quantitatively assessed by calculating the number of loading bays that are used inappropriately and the surface area (m2) of public space used incorrectly. In the analysis carried out in the city of Santander (Spain), it can be observed that the urban morphology of loading zones influences their use: The greater the capacity of the loading zone, the less efficient is its use. Moreover, it is observed that the degree of illegal use within loading zones is very high and that illegally excessive parking durations have a greater impact on the use of the ground space than vehicle type

Modelling parking behaviour considering heterogeneity

[EN] Most of motorized trips in cities of middle and small size are made in public transport and mainly in private vehicle, this has caused a saturation in parking systems of the cities, causing important problems to society, one of the most important problems is high occupancy of public space by parking systems. Thus, is required the estimation of models that reproduce users’ behaviour when they are choosing for parking in cities, to carry out transport policies to improve transport efficiency and parking systems in the cities. The aim of this paper is the specification and estimation of models that simulate users’ behaviour when they are choosing among alternatives of parking that there are in the city: free on street parking, paid on street parking, paid on underground parking and Park and Ride (now there isn´t). For this purpose, is proposed a multinomial logit model that consider systematic and random variations in tastes. Data of users’ behaviour from the different alternatives of parking have been obtained with a stated preference surveys campaign which have been done in May 2015 in the principal parking zones of the city of Santander. In this paper, we provide a number of improvements to previously developed methodologies because of we consider much more realism to create the scenarios stated preference survey, obtaining better adjustments.Antolin San Martin, G.; Ibeas Portilla, A.; Alonso Oreña, B.; Dell´olio, L. (2016). Modelling parking behaviour considering heterogeneity. En XII Congreso de ingeniería del transporte. 7, 8 y 9 de Junio, Valencia (España). Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 2471-2484. https://doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2015.4071OCS2471248

Influence of traffic delay produced during maintenance activities on the life cycle assessment of a road

This paper analyses the relevance of the traffic delay generated during the A-8 Spanish Motorway maintenance activities in order to make recommendations for inclusion within the LCA of roads. Six congestion scenarios combining the level of service of the Motorway and the alternative N-634 route have been evaluated using two software packages: KyUCP (macro-simulation) and Aimsun (micro-simulation), whose results have been transferred into emissions using MOVES. After performing the LCA considering a functional unit of a 1-km lane with an analysis period of 30 years, results show the huge importance of this stage in all the scenarios analysed

Limited Stop Services Design Considering Variable Dwell Time and Operating Capacity Constraints

This article proposes an optimization model to set frequencies, vehicle capacities, required fleet and the stops serving each route along a transit corridor which minimize the total user and operating costs. The optimization problem is solved by applying the ?Black Hole? algorithm, which imitates the movement of stars (solutions), towards a black hole (Best solution). The main contributions of the model are based on incorporating variable dwell times depending on bus stop demand not only to the passenger perceived journey times but also to the bus cycle times and on considering capacity constraints in both vehicles and bus tops. This led to a more accurate and realistic operating times and user perceived journey times. The application of the model to two case studies and the sensitivity analysis carried out demonstrate that for low levels of demand, constant dwell times can be assumed but being these times different between the different stops of the corridor, considering their demand. However, with high level of demand the difference found in operating costs and travel times strongly recommend incorporating variable dwell times in the model in order to achieve a more realistic design of transit corridor strategies

Impact of New Mobility Solutions on Travel Behaviour and Its Incorporation into Travel Demand Models

Advancement in the fields of electrification, automation, and digitalisation and emerging social trends are fuelling the transformation of road transport resulting in the introduction of various innovative mobility solutions. Yet the reaction of people to many of the new solutions is still vastly unknown. This creates an unprecedented quandary for transport planners who are requested to design future transport systems and create the related investment plans without fully validated models to base the assessment upon. As some evidence on citizens’ behaviour concerning new mobility solutions starts to be progressively made available, first attempts to update the existing models begin to emerge. Nevertheless, a lot more is needed as some of the transpiring mobility solutions have not yet reached the market, making the corresponding behaviour changes imponderable. In this context, the main purpose of this paper is to provide a review on how travel behaviour changes linked to the deployment of new mobility solutions have been considered in travel demand models. The new mobility solutions studied include carsharing, dynamic ridesharing, micromobility sharing services, and personal and shared autonomous vehicles. An overview and comparison of relevant studies implementing activity or trip-based demand models and other methodologies are presented. The analysis shows that the results of the different studies heavily depend on the extent to which behavioural changes are considered. The results of the review thus point to the need for holistic demand models that carefully mimic the urban reality with everything it has to offer and account for the importance of individual traits in the decision-making processes. Such models need an in-depth understanding of the microscopic mechanisms leading to the travel behaviour shifts linked to the most innovative mobility solutions. To achieve this level of detail, mobility living labs and their real-life experiments and experience with citizens, which are flourishing in Europe, are suggested to play a crucial role in the years to come