Prácticas de manejo y bienestar animal en la producción de ganado bovino de carne en Sur América

El bienestar animal es el estado del individuo con respecto a sus tentativas por adaptarse al medio externo. En animales de producción el medio externo es impuesto por los ciclos productivos, instalaciones y manejo dado a los animales. La producción bovina de carne en Sur América es en general una de las actividades pecuarias que más vulnera el bienestar de los animales, dados algunos tratos que se han perpetuado en el quehacer de esta producción, como son los procedimientos quirúrgicos de tipo castración entre otros, sin sedación ni anestésicos, el arreo con perros y elementos contundentes e incluso eléctricos, y los procesos de embarque transporte y desembarque de manera cruenta y en altas densidades. Estas prácticas generan miedo y promueven el estado de estrés constante en los animales, lo que genera mayores dificultades en la logística operativa de la producción ganadera de carne, además de causar alteraciones directas sobre la salud de los animales y la calidad de la carne. El propósito de este trabajo es recopilar y presentar de manera clara y ordenada información actual sobre buenas prácticas de manejo en producción bovina de carne en Sur América y su importancia para garantizar altos niveles de bienestar animal, puesto que ambos aspectos juegan un papel importante al garantizar el adecuado crecimiento, desarrollo y productividad de los animales, además de traer consigo productos cárnicos de mayor calidad y valor económico. Se espera que esta monografía marque el inicio de nuevos estudios al respecto de estos temas en nuestra región e incentive a estudiantes de ciencias pecuarias, productores y consumidores a conocer las nuevas legislaciones nacionales vigentes sobre bienestar animal en la producción bovina de carne y con esto implementar buenas prácticas de manejo que garanticen alto grado de bienestar animal durante el ciclo productivo en ganado de carne en nuestro país, generando así animales en mejores condiciones de vida, procesos productivos más seguros tanto para los animales como para las personas, así como, productos cárnicos de alta calidad y competitividad

Endividamento dos Municípios Brasileiros de 1999 a 2012: uma análise por região geográfica e por faixa da população

O endividamento municipal é um dos fatores de atenção na gestão das finanças públicas no Brasil nas últimas décadas. Tendo como referência as regulamentações da Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal – LRF - e as Resoluções Nos 40 e 43 do Senado Federal, este trabalho busca analisar indicadores de endividamento dos municípios brasileiros do período 1999 a 2012 por região geográfica e faixa populacional. Foram usados dados do FINBRA – Finanças do Brasil, da Secretaria do Tesouro Nacional. Os resultados suportam que o nível de endividamento municipal diminuiu, com significância estatística. Os municípios da região Sul são os que tiveram maior redução na média dos indicadores de endividamento e municípios da região nordeste demonstraram menor redução. Os municípios com mais de 1 milhão de habitantes são os que se encontram mais endividados no período. Conclui-se que os indicadores de endividamento financeiro dos municípios tiveram diminuição significativa de maneira contínua e consistente no período analisado. Esta situação diferencia-se da observada na década anterior, antes da LRF.Abstract:Municipal indebtedness is one of the factors of attention in the management of the public finances in Brazil in the last decades. With reference to the regulations of the Fiscal Responsibility Law (LRF) and Federal Senate Resolutions Nos. 40 and 43, this work seeks to analyze the indebtedness indicators of the Brazilian municipalities from 1999 to 2012 by geographic region and population range. Data from FINBRA - Finances of Brazil, from the National Treasury Secretariat were used. The results support that the level of municipal indebtedness decreased, with statistical significance. The municipalities of the South region were the ones that had the greatest reduction in the average of the indebtedness indicators and municipalities of the northeast region showed a smaller reduction. Municipalities with more than 1 million inhabitants are the most heavily indebted in the period. It is concluded that the indicators of financial indebtedness of the municipalities had a significant decrease in a continuous and consistent manner in the analyzed period. This situation differs from that observed in the previous decade, before the FRL. Keywords: Indebtedness of municipalities, Fiscal Responsibility Law, Public Finance, Responsible Fiscal Management. Resumen:El endeudamiento municipal es uno de los factores de atención en la gestión de las finanzas públicas en Brasil en las últimas décadas. En el presente trabajo se analizan los resultados obtenidos en el análisis de los resultados obtenidos en el análisis de los resultados obtenidos. Se utilizaron datos del FINBRA - Finanzas de Brasil, de la Secretaría del Tesoro Nacional. Los resultados soportan que el nivel de endeudamiento municipal disminuyó, con significancia estadística. Los municipios de la región Sur son los que tuvieron mayor reducción en la media de los indicadores de endeudamiento y municipios de la región nordeste mostraron menor reducción. Los municipios con más de 1 millón de habitantes son los que se encuentran más endeudados en el período. Se concluye que los indicadores de endeudamiento financiero de los municipios tuvieron una disminución significativa de manera continua y consistente en el período analizado. Esta situación se diferencia de la observada en la década anterior, antes de la LRF. Palabras-clave: Endeudamiento de municipios, Ley de Responsabilidad Fiscal, Finanzas Públicas Municipales, Gestión Fiscal Responsable

Species Tree Estimation for the Late Blight Pathogen, Phytophthora infestans, and Close Relatives

To better understand the evolutionary history of a group of organisms, an accurate estimate of the species phylogeny must be known. Traditionally, gene trees have served as a proxy for the species tree, although it was acknowledged early on that these trees represented different evolutionary processes. Discordances among gene trees and between the gene trees and the species tree are also expected in closely related species that have rapidly diverged, due to processes such as the incomplete sorting of ancestral polymorphisms. Recently, methods have been developed for the explicit estimation of species trees, using information from multilocus gene trees while accommodating heterogeneity among them. Here we have used three distinct approaches to estimate the species tree for five Phytophthora pathogens, including P. infestans, the causal agent of late blight disease in potato and tomato. Our concatenation-based “supergene” approach was unable to resolve relationships even with data from both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, and from multiple isolates per species. Our multispecies coalescent approach using both Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods was able to estimate a moderately supported species tree showing a close relationship among P. infestans, P. andina, and P. ipomoeae. The topology of the species tree was also identical to the dominant phylogenetic history estimated in our third approach, Bayesian concordance analysis. Our results support previous suggestions that P. andina is a hybrid species, with P. infestans representing one parental lineage. The other parental lineage is not known, but represents an independent evolutionary lineage more closely related to P. ipomoeae. While all five species likely originated in the New World, further study is needed to determine when and under what conditions this hybridization event may have occurred

TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access

Plant traits - the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants - determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait‐based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits - almost complete coverage for ‘plant growth form’. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait–environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives

Factors influencing emergency medicine residency choice: Diversity, community, and recruitment red flags

BackgroundEmergency medicine (EM) applicants consider many factors when selecting residency programs. Prior studies have demonstrated that applicants consider geography as well as modifiable/nonmodifiable program factors. Less attention, however, has been paid to underrepresented groups. Additionally, the prevalence and characteristics of "red flags," or factors that may lead an applicant to lower a program's rank or not rank it at all, remain unknown in EM. Our objective was to describe the factors that influence current EM-bound medical students' residency selection focusing on underrepresented applicants and red flags encountered during the recruitment process.MethodsWe conducted a mixed-methods survey study of EM-bound graduates from U.S. medical schools in the 2020 application cycle. Quantitative analysis included descriptive statistics, measures of central tendency, 95% confidence intervals (CIs), nonparametric tests for ordinal data, and logistic regression. For the qualitative portion of the study, two independent reviewers performed a thematic analysis of the red flag free-text responses. Discrepancies were addressed via consensus with third-party oversight.ResultsOur survey response rate was 49%, and most applicants considered both geographic and program factors. Underrepresented applicants prioritized program diversity, program commitment to the underserved, neighborhood/community, and patient population. Of all respondents, 71% reported red flags. Women had a significantly higher odds of encountering red flags (odds ratio = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.25 to 2.18). Red flags included seven key themes: violations of regulatory standards, program characteristics, interview day experience, program culture, interpersonal interactions, lack of fit, and quality of life; subthemes included lack of diversity and racism.ConclusionsModifiable/nonmodifiable program factors and geography continue to influence EM-bound applicants' residency choices. Underrepresented applicants place a higher value on diversity, community, and patients served. Residency programs should consider modifiable factors and self-assess for red flags to successfully recruit the next generation of EM physicians