Decúbito prono en el Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria Aguda, de la fisiología a la práctica clínica

ABSTRACTThe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome involves a complex series of events leading to alveolar damage, pulmonary edema due to increased vascular permeability and respiratory failure; many processes are related to its appearance, the common feature is the activation of neutrophils in the pulmonary or systemic circulation. Clinical manifestations usually appear 6 to 72 hours after the event start the event and get worse quickly. The treatment is based on an interdisciplinary handling by the staff of the intensive care unit, making an early  ecognition of patients ruling out other causes of hypoxemia, identifying and treating the underlying cause, and using mechanical ventilation to ensure proper oxygenation and ventilation, always trying to protect the lungs from mechanical ventilation induced lung injury. Prone position ventilation promotes increased oxygenation in patients with this syndrome, the mechanisms that cause this increase are probably multiple and interdependent and have not been fully elucidated. It is a low-cost procedure, recommended in patient in serious category, and preferably in early stage of the disease. Future studies are needed that can establish the real impact on mortality to assess their systematic use in all patients with Acute Respiratory Distiess Syndrome. MÉD.UIS. 2016;29(2):81-101.Keywords: Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Prone Position. Posture. Patient positioning. Pulmonary Ventilation. Acute Lung Injury. Oxygen Inhalation Therapy.El síndrome de diicultad respiratoria aguda incluye una compleja serie de acontecimientos que conducen a daño alveolar, edema pulmonar por aumento de la permeabilidad vascular e insuiciencia respiratoria; muchos procesos están relacionados con su aparición, la característica común es la activación de los neutróilos en la circulación pulmonar o sistémica. Las manifestaciones clínicas aparecen generalmente 6 a 72 horas posterior al inicio del evento y empeoran rápidamente. El tratamiento se basa en un manejo interdisciplinario por parte del personal de la unidad de cuidados intensivos, se debe realizar un reconocimiento precoz de los pacientes descartando otras causas de hipoxemia, identiicar y tratar la causa subyacente, y emplear la ventilación mecánica para asegurar correcta oxigenación, intentando siempre proteger los pulmones de la lesión pulmonar inducida por la técnica. La ventilación en decúbito prono favorece el aumento de la oxigenación en pacientes con este síndrome, los mecanismos que producen este incremento son probablemente múltiples e interdependientes y no han sido dilucidados en su totalidad. Es un procedimiento de bajo costo, recomendado implementar en pacientes categoría grave, y preferentemente en etapa tempana de la enfermedad, aunque es necesario realizar estudios futuros que puedan establecer el verdadero impacto en la mortalidad para evaluar su uso sistemático en todos los pacientes con Síndrome de Diicultad Respiratoria Aguda. MÉD.UIS. 2016;29(2):81-101.Palabras clave: Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria del Adulto. Posición Prona. Postura. Posicionamiento del Paciente. Ventilación Pulmonar. Lesión Pulmonar Aguda. Terapia por Inhalación de Oxígeno

Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial

Background: Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists differ in chemical structure, duration of action, and in their effects on clinical outcomes. The cardiovascular effects of once-weekly albiglutide in type 2 diabetes are unknown. We aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of albiglutide in preventing cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Methods: We did a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in 610 sites across 28 countries. We randomly assigned patients aged 40 years and older with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (at a 1:1 ratio) to groups that either received a subcutaneous injection of albiglutide (30–50 mg, based on glycaemic response and tolerability) or of a matched volume of placebo once a week, in addition to their standard care. Investigators used an interactive voice or web response system to obtain treatment assignment, and patients and all study investigators were masked to their treatment allocation. We hypothesised that albiglutide would be non-inferior to placebo for the primary outcome of the first occurrence of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke, which was assessed in the intention-to-treat population. If non-inferiority was confirmed by an upper limit of the 95% CI for a hazard ratio of less than 1·30, closed testing for superiority was prespecified. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02465515. Findings: Patients were screened between July 1, 2015, and Nov 24, 2016. 10 793 patients were screened and 9463 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to groups: 4731 patients were assigned to receive albiglutide and 4732 patients to receive placebo. On Nov 8, 2017, it was determined that 611 primary endpoints and a median follow-up of at least 1·5 years had accrued, and participants returned for a final visit and discontinuation from study treatment; the last patient visit was on March 12, 2018. These 9463 patients, the intention-to-treat population, were evaluated for a median duration of 1·6 years and were assessed for the primary outcome. The primary composite outcome occurred in 338 (7%) of 4731 patients at an incidence rate of 4·6 events per 100 person-years in the albiglutide group and in 428 (9%) of 4732 patients at an incidence rate of 5·9 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·78, 95% CI 0·68–0·90), which indicated that albiglutide was superior to placebo (p<0·0001 for non-inferiority; p=0·0006 for superiority). The incidence of acute pancreatitis (ten patients in the albiglutide group and seven patients in the placebo group), pancreatic cancer (six patients in the albiglutide group and five patients in the placebo group), medullary thyroid carcinoma (zero patients in both groups), and other serious adverse events did not differ between the two groups. There were three (<1%) deaths in the placebo group that were assessed by investigators, who were masked to study drug assignment, to be treatment-related and two (<1%) deaths in the albiglutide group. Interpretation: In patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, albiglutide was superior to placebo with respect to major adverse cardiovascular events. Evidence-based glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists should therefore be considered as part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Funding: GlaxoSmithKline

Decúbito prono en el Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria Aguda, de la fisiología a la práctica clínica

El síndrome de diicultad respiratoria aguda incluye una compleja serie de acontecimientos que conducen a daño alveolar, edema pulmonar por aumento de la permeabilidad vascular e insuiciencia respiratoria; muchos procesos están relacionados con su aparición, la característica común es la activación de los neutróilos en la circulación pulmonar o sistémica. Las manifestaciones clínicas aparecen generalmente 6 a 72 horas posterior al inicio del evento y empeoran rápidamente. El tratamiento se basa en un manejo interdisciplinario por parte del personal de la unidad de cuidados intensivos, se debe realizar un reconocimiento precoz de los pacientes descartando otras causas de hipoxemia, identiicar y tratar la causa subyacente, y emplear la ventilación mecánica para asegurar correcta oxigenación, intentando siempre proteger los pulmones de la lesión pulmonar inducida por la técnica. La ventilación en decúbito prono favorece el aumento de la oxigenación en pacientes con este síndrome, los mecanismos que producen este incremento son probablemente múltiples e interdependientes y no han sido dilucidados en su totalidad. Es un procedimiento de bajo costo, recomendado implementar en pacientes categoría grave, y preferentemente en etapa tempana de la enfermedad, aunque es necesario realizar estudios futuros que puedan establecer el verdadero impacto en la mortalidad para evaluar su uso sistemático en todos los pacientes con Síndrome de Diicultad Respiratoria Aguda