The Future of the Working Classes: A Comparison Between J.S. Mill and A. Marshall

Both J. S. Mill and A. Marshall had a lifelong concern with the living conditions of the working classes and theorized the possibility of a new age, characterized by a widespread mental and moral cultivation. This paper compares the precise arguments put forward by them in the period ranging from Mill‟s “The Claims of Labour” (1845) to Marshall's "Principles" (1890), against the background of the evidence of progress they had. It is argued that, at different stages and with different specific arguments, their predictions relied on self-reinforcing mechanisms, in which a better life was the cause, no less than the effect, of progress. In order to make similarities and differences more transparent from a logical point of view, two simple mathematical formulations are proposed.

Marco Fanno’s Tax Incidence Theory: A Formal Exposition

Marco Fanno’s contributions to the theory of supply at joint cost and the theory of demand for substitute goods contain some original analyses of tax incidence, based on a “less partial” application of the Marshallian supply and demand paradigm. Fanno’s overall theory, however, soon fell into oblivion, partially due to the enormous success of the emerging Hicks-Allen approach, at the end of the 1930s; and so did his more practical results. In this paper, we present a modern formalisation of Fanno’s tax incidence theory, which tries to do justice to a series of results which have still today some normative validity.

Impaired release of Vitamin D in dysfunctional adipose tissue: New cues on Vitamin D supplementation in obesity

Context: Vitamin D accumulates in adipose tissue (AT) and vitamin D deficiency is frequent in obesity. Objective: We hypothesize that trafficking of vitamin D is altered in dysfunctional AT. Design, Patients, Settings: 54 normal-weight and 67 obese males were recruited in a prospective study and randomly assigned to supplementation with 50 \ub5g/week 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 (25(OH)D) or 150 \ub5g/week vitamin D3 for 1 year, raising dosage by 50% if vitamin D-sufficiency (serum 25(OH)D>50 nomol/l), was not achieved at 6 months; 97 subjects completed the study. Methods: Vitamin D3 (D3) and 25(OH)D were quantified by HPLC-MS in control and insulin-resistant (IR) 3T3-L1 cells and subcutaneous AT (SAT) from lean and obese subjects, incubated with or without adrenaline; expression of 25-hydroxylase (CYP27A1), 1\u3b1-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) were analysed by real-time PCR. Results: In IR adipocytes the uptake of D3 and 25(OH)D was higher, but after adrenaline stimulation, the decrement in D3 and 25(OH)D was stronger in control cells, which also showed increased expression of CYP27A1 and CYP27B1 and higher levels of 25(OH)D. In SAT from obese subjects, the adrenaline-induced release of D3 and 25(OH)D was blunted; in both IR cells and obese SAT, protein expression of \u3b22-adrenergic receptor was reduced. Supplementation with 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 was more effective in achieving vitamin D sufficiency in obese, but not in normal weight subjects. Conclusion: Dysfunctional AT shows a reduced catecholamine-induced release of D3 and 25(OH)D, and altered activity of vitamin D-metabolizing enzymes, for these reasons supplementation with 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 is more effective in obese individuals

Розвиток духовності особистості в процесі фахової підготовки майбутніх учителів образотворчого мистецтва

(uk) У статті наголошується, що вчитель образотворчого мистецтва виступає носієм не лише спеціальних знань та умінь, але і носієм духовних цінностей. Духовне збагачення і вдосконалення кожної особистості відбувається протягом всього життя в тому числі і в процесі навчання. Гуманізація освіти та естетичне виховання спрямовано на формування гармонійної цілісної особистості, загальнокультурний її розвиток. Засобами естетичного виховання в мистецтві виступає художній образ. Художній образ є відображенням дійсності яке містить в собі не лише суб’єктивний досвід автора, його розуміння та відношення до об’єктів дійсності, але і відбитки культурно-історичного досвіду, естетичних цінностей, але і відбитки культурно-історичного досвіду, естетичних цінностей соціуму загалом. На їх базі і формується всебічно та гармонійно розвинута особистість із вищими моральними цінностями, естетичними канонами та ідеалами.(ru) В статье делается акцент на то, что учитель изобразительного искусства выступает носителем не только специальных знаний и умений, но и носителем духовных ценностей. Духовное обогащение и совершенствование каждой личности происходит на протяжении всей жизни в том числе и в процессе обучения. Гуманизация образования и эстетическое воспитание направлены на формирование гармоничной целостной личности и ее общекультурное развитие. Средством эстетического воспитания в искусстве выступает художественный образ. Художественный образ является отражением действительности, которое содержит в себе не только субъективный опыт автора, его понимание и отношение к объектам действительности, но и отпечатки культурно-исторического опыта, эстетических ценностей социума в целом. На их базе и формируется всесторонне и гармонично развитая личность с высокими моральными ценностями, эстетическими канонами и идеалами.(en) Importance of education in society is determined by the need to raise the national consciousness of the saved and nurturing genuine citizen. Spiritual enrichment and improvement of each individual occurs throughout life including during training. Spirituality determines the direction of all mental, emotional, sensual, strong-willed human qualities and its ability to self yourself as a person. Master of Fine Arts acting carrier not only specialized knowledge and skills, but also a bearer of spiritual values. Humanizing education and aesthetic education aims at forming a harmonious whole person, her general cultural development. Art is an integral part of spiritual culture, a reflection of the artistic representations of the human form of the world of reality. The means of aesthetic education in the art of acting artistic image. Artistic image is a reflection of reality, which contains not only the subjective experience of the author, and understanding related to the objects of reality, but the prints are of cultural and historical experience, the aesthetic values of society as a whole. At their base is formed fully and harmoniously developed personality with higher moral values, aesthetic canons and ideals

A Novel Mutation in the Upstream Open Reading Frame of the CDKN1B Gene Causes a MEN4 Phenotype

PubMed ID: 23555276This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndromes (MEN 2): results from the ItaMEN network analysis on the prevalence of different genotypes and phenotypes.

OBJECTIVE: Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2) is a genetic disease characterized by medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) associated (MEN 2A and 2B) or not familial MTC (FMTC) with other endocrine neoplasia due to germline RET gene mutations. The prevalence of these rare genetic diseases and their corresponding RET mutations are unknown due to the small size of the study population. METHODS: We collected data on germline RET mutations of 250 families with hereditary MTC followed in 20 different Italian centres. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The most frequent RET amino acid substitution was Val804Met (19.6%) followed by Cys634Arg (13.6%). A total of 40 different germline RET mutations were present. Six families (2.4%) were negative for germline RET mutations. The comparison of the prevalence of RET germline mutations in the present study with those published by other European studies showed a higher prevalence of Val804Met and Ser891Ala mutations and a lower prevalence of Leu790Phe and Tyr791Phe (P<0.0001). A statistically significant higher prevalence of mutations affecting non-cysteine codons was also found (P<0.0001). Furthermore, the phenotype data collection showed an unexpected higher prevalence of FMTC (57.6%) with respect to other MEN 2 syndromes (34% MEN 2A and 6.8% of MEN 2B). In conclusion, we observed a statistically significant different pattern of RET mutations in Italian MEN 2 families with respect to other European studies and a higher prevalence of FMTC phenotype. The different ethnic origins of the patients and the particular attention given to analysing apparently sporadic MTC for RET germline mutations may explain these findings

Measuring productivity increase by long-run prices: The early analyses of G.R. Porter and R. Giffen

The 19th century economic commentators did not possess a formal measure of the rate at which productivity was increasing during the industrial take-off. Yet they did develop an intuitive method based on the comparative change in prices and wages. This paper reviews the contributions of G.R. Porter and R. Giffen and, in the light of some modern contributions, presents an assessment of their rationality and improvability under current standards. It is argued, in particular, that a proper measure of industrial productivity increase based on the change in real earnings rates is the mathematical dual of a Solovian measure of the industrial Total Factor Productivity growth

A Dual-Solovian Measure of Productivity Increase and its Early Antecedents

The duality between a production function and the cost function generated by it implies that a Solovian ‘growth accounting’ measure of productivity increase, as referred to the industry, has an equivalent dual measure, based on what may be called ‘price accounting’. It is argued in this paper that the dual measure provides a coherent framework for considering productivity increase in relation to inflation/deflation, earnings dispersion, long-run variations in domestic relative prices and in external terms of trade. Even though the theoretical interest in measures based on real input prices dates back to the late 1960s, few or no attempts have been made thereafter to adopt it in practice. Curiously enough, the practical adoption of some kind of ‘price accounting’ dates to much earlier. We argue in this paper that, during the 19th century, distinguished statisticians and economic commentators such as G.R. Porter and R. Giffen based their evaluations on the comparative change in prices, wages and profits and in so doing they followed a logic that remarkably resembles that of a dual-Solovian measure

Measuring productivity increase by long-run prices: The early analyses of G.R. Porter and R. Giffen

The 19th century economic commentators did not possess a formal measure of the rate at which productivity was increasing during the industrial take-off. Yet they did develop an intuitive method based on the comparative change in prices and wages. This paper reviews the contributions of G.R. Porter and R. Giffen and, in the light of some modern contributions, presents an assessment of their rationality and improvability under current standards. It is argued, in particular, that a proper measure of industrial productivity increase based on the change in real earnings rates is the mathematical dual of a Solovian measure of the industrial Total Factor Productivity growth