Erratum to: 36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine: Brussels, Belgium. 15-18 March 2016.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1208-6.]

Erratum to: 36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1208-6.]

Simulation of Flows of Groundwater and Contaminants around Landfill Sites

This computational study of groundwater flow around a landfill site is intended to: (1) construct a high-resolution simulation system for groundwater flow and leachate leakage; (2) analyze groundwater flow around a landfill site that was chosen as the test site; (3) assess the areas of influence of leachate accidents using computational techniques based on mathematical modelling. Landfill sites in Japan are located in mountainous regions because the Japanese population must reside in limited flat areas. Consequently, landfill locations necessarily coincide with water supply areas. For that reason, it is important to evaluate leachate influences on external groundwater quality. The research procedure is as follows. (a) Based on a preparatory geological investigation, we construct a detailed strata model around the test landfill site. (b) We produce a simulation code that is suitable for high-performance parallel computers. The simulation code is highly parallelized to achieve an accurate simulation with high resolution. (c) Comparison with data from monitoring wells that are set up around the test site will aid evaluation and improve the reliability of our simulation code. (d)The solution of convection-diffusion equations for leachate in the background flow of groundwater indicates areas that are likely to be influenced by leachate accidents. The resultant simulation system is applicable to planning, arrangement and assessment of new landfill site construction. It also allows optimization of effective measures against possible leachate accidents

Phase-averaged scanning stereoscopic PIV measurement for classification of vortex regime of synthetic jet in cross flow

A synthetic jet is one of flow control devices that can topologically disturb surrounding flow field by adding periodic injection and suction of surrounding fluid using an oscillating membrane through an orifice. This device can be applied to the downsized fluid machinery without a net mass injection of fluid for the simplified structure. In this study, the phase-averaged three-dimensional flow structures of the synthetic jet in laminar cross flow were measured by the phaselocked scanning stereoscopic PIV. The synthetic jet has a round orifice with a diameter of D = 1.0 mm. Stokes number and dimensionless stroke length were ranged from 6.3 to 12.7 and from 2.67 to 16.0, respectively. Reynolds number of the cross flow based on channel height was 1300. The vortex structure of the synthetic jet in cross flow was drastically changed depending on these parameters. According to the measured 3D vortex structure, the parameter map for the classification of vortex regime was obtained

Image-based method for the aerodynamic characteristics of a motor cycle

In this paper, a simple analysis method for flow simulations around a motor cycle is discussed based on CFD. In the practical CFD, most of the efforts are wasted for grid generations. The typical two types of grid are body-fitted grid and Cartesian grid. Body-fitted grid was often used for the flow calculation around the vehicle until today. However, grid generation around the complex object involves an immense amount of time and effort. Now, Cartesian grid is in focus. This approach is one solution to save time for grid generation. In the recent years, accuracy of Cartesian grid approach has been raised by increasing the number of grid points with the progress of computer. When computing of flow around the object, CAD data of the object is necessary. However, CAD data has not always had to be prepared. In the present approach, flow computation is done based on a digital image of a motor cycle with a person, instead of the CAD data which is generally required to represent the object shape. When analyzing aerodynamic characteristics of the motor cycle, human body data are necessary as well as that of the motor cycle. Unlike the motor cycle, human CAD data are not easily obtained. Besides the human takes different postures and they definitely affect to aerodynamic characteristics. In the present paper, we propose a new approach to incorporate the human body and the motor cycle shapes into Cartesian grid without any CAD data, but with digital images. To set the shape of a motor cycle in Cartesian grid, the object model is needed. A human body pose flexibly changes when a biker really rides a motor cycle. A different rider has a different body figure, as well. When human body pose and human body figure change, CAD data should be rewritten. In this research, digital photo is used as a substitute for CAD data. In order to insert this image into Cartesian grid, the object is clipped from the base image by image processing and is colored by parts, such as a frame, tires and so on. The resolution is reduced to fit the grid size. For the model of three dimensions, the object images are obtained from multidirections and the object is clipped and colored as the same as two dimensions. Pseudo-compressibility method is used for the incompressible flow simulation. Higher-order upwind difference is used for the convection terms and second-order central difference is used for the viscous terms. The temporal difference is first-order and Lower Upper-Symmetric Gauss Seidel (LU-SGS) employed for the convergence calculation of pseudo time. In this image-based method, flow around a motor cycle with a person and aerodynamic characteristics of the motor cycle were successfully obtained

Erratum to: 36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine: Brussels, Belgium. 15-18 March 2016.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1208-6.]