Lysine demand and essential aminoacids estimate for tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1818) / Exigência de lisina e estimativa dos aminoácidos essenciais para tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum (CUVIER, 1818)

Four hundred-fifty (450) 7.7±0.06 g juvenile tambaqui were distributed in 500L boxes, fed a casein, gelatin and free amino acids-based semipurified diet containing six lysine levels (L-lysine HCL 0.9; 1.2; 1.5; 1.8; 2,1; 2.4% of the diet), in a completely randomized design, so that their lysine requirements could be determined. Findings demonstrated that diets with rising lysine levels did not influence the assessed zootechnical parameters. Tambaqui presented reduced consumption, low weight gains and high feed conversion with the use of the semipurified diet. This diet affected the hematological parameters significantly with no changes on total proteins and plasmatic glucose. The reduction on the plasmatic cortisol with the increase of lysine in the diet suggests the lower lysine levels to have had an influence on plasmatic cortisol level values. The reduced levels of triglycerides, cholesterol and body lipids with increasing lysine levels suggest a relationship of this amino acid with the accumulation of body lipids. Essencial amino acids demand estimated from tambaqui body amino acids content, showed to be similar to that found for other species and the lysine was estimated at dietary protein 6.0 and 6.2%, through the two utilized methods. The zootechnical performance exhibited by tambaqui, using semipurified diet for the lysine 0.9 to 2.4% interval in the diet did not allow its demand to be determined through dose-response method

Apparent digestibility coefficient of practical diets with different energy: protein ratios for pirarucu juveniles

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a digestibilidade aparente de nutrientes e energia de dietas para juvenis de pirarucu, Arapaima gigas. Foram testadas oito dietas, contendo quatro relações energia:proteína (11, 10,1, 9, 8 kcal energia digestível por grama de proteína bruta) e duas fontes de energia não-protéica (óleo de soja e gordura de aves), em esquema fatorial 4x2, com três repetições. Foram estocados 240 juvenis de pirarucu com peso de 96,8±2,3 g, distribuídos em 24 tanques cilíndricos com fundo cônico, adaptados para a coleta de fezes (sistema Guelph modificado). Os peixes foram alimentados duas vezes ao dia até a saciedade aparente com as dietas experimentais contendo 0,5% de óxido de cromo, como marcador inerte para determinação dos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente. As dietas com a relação energia:proteína de 9 kcal energia digestível por grama de proteína bruta apresentaram os menores coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, proteína bruta e extrativo não nitrogenado. O maior coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da gordura foi obtido com o uso do óleo de soja. A relação energia:proteína na dieta influencia os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente dos macronutrientes e energia no pirarucu.The objective of this work was to determine the apparent digestibility of nutrients and energy of diets for pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) juveniles. Eight experimental diets containing four energy:protein ratios (11, 10.1, 9, 8 kcal digestible energy per gram of crude protein) and two non-protein energy sources (soybean oil and poultry fat) were tested in a 4x2 factorial scheme, in triplicates. Two hundred and forty pirarucu juveniles weighting 96.8±2.3 g were distributed in 24 cylindrical-conical fiberglass tanks, adapted for feces collection (modified Guelph system). Fish were fed twice a day to apparent satiation, with experimental diets containing 0.5% of chromium oxide as inert marker in order to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients. Diets containing an energy:protein ratio of 9 kcal digestible energy per gram of crude protein resulted in significantly lower apparent digestibility coefficient for dry matter, crude protein and non-nitrogenous extract. The highest apparent digestibility coefficients for crude fat was obtained with soybean oil. The dietary energy:protein ratio influences the nutrient and energy apparent digestibility coefficients to pirarucu juveniles

Dietas para a engorda de pirarucu em tanque rede: Desempenho, parâmetros fisiológicos, composição do filé e custos da alimentação

The present study evaluated practical diets with increasing levels of protein and energy on performance, fillet composition, feed cost, and physiological responses of pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) juveniles during the grow-out phase in a net cage system. In an on-farm trial for 90 days 225 pirarucu juveniles with initial weight ± standard deviation of 2025 ± 335 g were fed to apparent satiety with extruded diets containing 37.4 (T-37), 40.8 (T-40), 43.9 (T-43), 45.5 (T-46), and 47.1% (T-49) crude protein (CP), increasing lipid levels, and energy:protein ratio fixed in 10 kcal g-1. Protein and lipid concentrations in the diets influenced the cost, fillet composition, and important physiological aspects of the health maintenance and productive performance of the pirarucu juveniles. Fish fed the T-37 diet had lower concentrations of fat in body cavity, fillet and blood, and had a lower cost associated with feeding. The increase in protein and energy levels in the other diets tested reduced the economic return, did not improve the zootechnical performance and caused physiological changes in the fish. © 2019, Instytut Technologii Drewna. All rights reserved

Farelo de soja na dieta de juvenis de pirarucu

In order to assess the effects of replacing fishmeal (FM) protein by soybean meal (SM) for juveniles of pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) feeds, five isonitrogenous (46% CP) and isocaloric (4,800 kcal kg-1 GE) diets containing 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60% replacement were tested. One hundred and five fish (233.5 ± 11.5 g) were distributed in fifteen 200-L tanks, fed three times daily to apparent satiation for 120 days. The highest growth rates were observed in diets with up to 30% replacement, but no significant difference was detected as regards to specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, mean daily feed intake and mean daily protein intake in fish fed diets with up to 45% FM replacement. Survival rate, condition factor, hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic indexes were not influenced by the treatments, just as the biochemical analyses were not, except for cholesterol. Fish fed diets with increasing levels of SM presented lower hematological values, and higher mean corpuscular value, indicating probable anemia at 60% FM replacement and hypocholesterolemia. Diets with 15 and 30% FM replacement were the most cost effective suggesting that SM can replace up to 30% of FM in diets for pirarucu juveniles (200 to 1,200 g), without compromising growth performance, fish health, feed digestibility and feed cost effectiveness. © 2018, Instytut Technologii Drewna. All rights reserved

André DUNES, Documentation juridique, Paris, Dalloz, Coll. « Méthodes du droit », 1977, 198 pp., 46FF

Poor water quality condition has been pointed out as one of the major causes for the high mortality of ornamental fishes exported from the state of Amazonas, Brazil. The purpose of the current study was to define water quality standards for cardinal tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi), by establishing the lower and higher for lethal temperature (LT50), lethal concentration (LC50) for total ammonia and nitrite and LC50 for acid and alkaline pH. According to the findings, cardinal tetra is rather tolerant to high temperature (33.3 ºC), to a wide pH range (acid pH=2.9 and alkaline pH=8.8) and to high total ammonia concentration (23.7 mg/L). However, temperatures below 19.6 ºC and nitrite concentrations above 1.1 mg/L NO2- may compromise fish survival especially during long shipment abroad.A má qualidade da água tem sido apontada como uma das maiores causas da alta mortalidade dos peixes ornamentais exportados pelo Estado do Amazonas, Brasil. A proposta deste estudo foi definir padrões de qualidade da água para o cardinal tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi), estabelecendo a menor e a maior temperatura letal (LT50), a concentração letal (LC50) para amônia total e nitrito e LC50 para pH ácido e alcalino. De acordo com os resultados, o cardinal tetra é mais tolerante a temperaturas elevadas (33,3 ºC), a amplos limites de pH (pH ácido = 2,9 e pH alcalino = 8,8) e a alta concentração de amônia (23,7 mg/L). Entretanto, temperaturas abaixo de 19,6 ºC e concentrações de nitrito acima de 1,1 mg/L NO2- podem comprometer a sobrevivência dos peixes, especialmente durante longos períodos de transporte para o exterior

Feeding strategies and energy to protein ratio on tambaqui performance and physiology

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da privação alimentar e da realimentação com dietas contendo diferentes relações entre energia e proteína (E/P) sobre o desempenho e a fisiologia de juvenis de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). Utilizou-se arranjo fatorial 4x2 com três repetições, com quatro relações E/P (11,5, 10,5, 9,5 e 8,5 kcal g‑1 de energia digestível por proteína) e dois regimes alimentares (com e sem privação), durante 60 dias. Peixes do grupo com privação alimentar permaneceram em jejum por 14 dias e foram realimentados do décimo quinto ao sexagésimo dia, enquanto os demais foram alimentados por 60 dias. Ao final do período experimental, o peso dos peixes submetidos à privação alimentar foi menor do que o dos alimentados continuamente; entretanto, esta condição não influenciou os parâmetros fisiológicos avaliados. Tambaquis alimentados com 11,5 kcal g‑1 obtiveram menor peso que os alimentados com as demais dietas, em ambos os regimes. Entre os parâmetros fisiológicos, apenas a proteína plasmática apresentou aumento significativo nos peixes alimentados com 8,5 kcal g‑1, em ambos os regimes alimentares, provavelmente em razão da maior concentração de proteína na dieta. Esses resultados mostram que os peixes apresentam crescimento compensatório parcial em todos os tratamentos, e que 10,5 kcal g‑1 pode ser recomendada para a dieta de juvenis de tambaqui.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of feed deprivation and refeeding with diets containing different energy to protein ratios (E/P) on the performance and physiology of juvenile tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). A 4x2 factorial arrangement with three replicates was used, with four E/P ratios (11.5, 10.5, 9.5, and 8.5 kcal g‑1 digestible energy per protein) and two feeding regimens (with and without deprivation), during 60 days. Fish from the food‑deprived group were fasted for 14 days and refed from the fifteenth to the sixtieth day, whereas the remaining fish were fed for 60 days. At the end of the experimental period, weight of fish subjected to food deprivation was lower than that of those continuously fed; however, this condition did not influence the physiological parameters analyzed. Tambaqui fed 11.5 kcal g‑1 achieved lower final weight than those fed with the other diets, in both regimens. Among the physiological parameters, only plasma protein presented significant increase in fish fed 8.5 kcal g‑1, in both feeding regimens, probably due to the higher dietary protein concentration. These results indicate that fish show a partial compensatory growth, and that 10.5 kcal g‑1 can be recommended for the diet of juvenile tambaqui

Tolerance of pirarucu juveniles to increasing ammonia concentration in a closed environment

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a tolerância de juvenis de pirarucu, Arapaima gigas, a concentrações crescentes de amônia na água. Oito peixes (2,6±0,4 kg e 70,5±4,1 cm de comprimento) foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro tanques (0,8x0,9x2,6 m) com 410 L de água tamponada com Na2PO4 e HCl, ambos a 0,1 M, onde ficaram por 33 dias. As concentrações de amônia no plasma sanguíneo dos peixes e na água foram determinadas pelo método do salicilato. A glicose plasmática e os níveis de amônia aumentaram proporcionalmente à concentração de amônia na água. Juvenis de pirarucu toleram altas concentrações de amônia na água.The objective of this work was to evaluate the tolerance of pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) juveniles to increasing concentrations of ammonia in the water. Eight fish (2.6±0.4 kg and 70.5±4.1 cm length) were evenly distributed in four tanks (0.8x0.9x2.6 m) with 410 L of water buffered with Na2PO4(0.1 M) and HCl (0.1 M), where they were kept for 33 days. Ammonia concentrations in the fish blood plasma and in the water were determined by the salicilate method. Plasma glucose and ammonia levels increased proportionally to the concentration of ammonia in the water. Pirarucu juveniles tolerate high concentrations of ammonia in the water

Use of live food as starter diet in feed training juvenile pirarucu

O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar a eficiência do alimento vivo como dieta inicial no treinamento alimentar de juvenis de pirarucu, Arapaima gigas. Foram usados dois tratamentos, Artemia sp. e mistura de zooplâncton nativo. O ganho de peso, a porcentagem de comedores e a sobrevivência não apresentaram diferença estatística significativa entre os tratamentos (p>0,05). A dieta inicial, à base de alimento vivo, é eficiente no treinamento alimentar de juvenis de pirarucu.In this trial, two different live foods were tested as starter diet in the feed training of juvenile pirarucu, Arapaima gigas. Two treatments were used, Artemia sp. and a mixture of native zooplankton. Weight gain, percentage of feeders and survival did not show any difference between treatments (p > 0.05). Live food is efficient as starter diet to train juvenile pirarucu to accept dry feed

Tolerância de juvenis de pirarucu ao aumento da concentraç ão de amônia em ambiente confinado

The objective of this work was to evaluate the tolerance of pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) juveniles to increasing concentrations of ammonia in the water. Eight fish (2.6±0.4 kg and 70.5±4.1 cm length) were evenly distributed in four tanks (0.8x0.9x2.6 m) with 410 L of water buffered with Na2PO4 (0.1 M) and HCl (0.1 M), where they were kept for 33 days. Ammonia concentrations in the fish blood plasma and in the water were determined by the salicilate method. Plasma glucose and ammonia levels increased proportionally to the concentration of ammonia in the water. Pirarucu juveniles tolerate high concentrations of ammonia in the water