Cognitive Profile of Patients with Thalamic Hemorrhage according to Lesion Localization

Background: The thalamus is known as the central sensory and motor relay station of the brain generally. However, cognitive decline due to thalamic lesions has been previously reported in different studies. Also, it has been observed that different cognitive subdomains are affected according to the localization of the lesion in the thalamus. Objectives and Methods: Detailed neurophysiological tests were performed on 28 patients with thalamic hemorrhage and the control group. Patients were grouped according to lesion localization. The results were compared with both the control group and the hemorrhage groups themselves. Results: The performance of patients in all neuropsychological tests was significantly worse than that of the control group. Of the 28 patients, 15 had anterolateral, 5 had posterolateral, 5 had dorsal, and 3 had an anteromedial thalamic hemorrhage. The anteromedial group had the worst scores of almost all tests. Also, 2 situations came to notice in these tests. First, the posterolateral group achieved a remarkably low mean in the recall subgroup of the MMSE tests and verbal memory process tests. Second, the anterolateral group was found to have a low mean in both the language subgroup of the MMSE tests and the phonemic subgroup of the verbal fluency tests. Conclusion: It was concluded in this study that thalamic hemorrhages affect cognition entirely regardless of the lesion localization. It was also observed that the lateral part of the thalamus was associated with language, the posterior part with memory, and the anteromedial part with the rest of the cognitive subdomains

Efficacy of Mouthwashes Containing Hydrogen Peroxide on Tooth Whitening

The aim of this study was to analyze the efficacy of mouthwashes containing hydrogen peroxide compared with 10% carbamide peroxide (CP) gel. Fifty enamel-dentin samples were obtained from bovine incisors and then stained in a tea solution. The stained samples were randomly divided into five groups according to the whitening product applied (n=10): AS: no whitening (negative control), with the samples stored in artificial saliva; CR: Crest 3D White mouthwash; LS: Listerine Whitening mouthwash; SC: Scope White mouthwash; and OP group: 10% CP Opalescence PF (positive control). Color measurements were carried out with a spectrophotometer before staining, after staining, and on the 7th, 28th, and 56th day of the whitening period. The data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance followed by a Tukey post hoc test. The color change (ΔE) was significantly greater in all the groups compared to that of the AS group. After 56 days, no significant differences were found among the mouthwash products with respect to color change (P>0.05). The whiteness of the teeth treated with the mouthwashes increased significantly over time. Nevertheless, the color change achieved with the mouthwashes was significantly lower than that achieved with the 10% CP at-home bleaching gel

Erenumab in Mechanism-based Migraine Treatment

Migraine is a type of primary headache with recurrent attacks, negatively affects the daily living activities of sufferers because of its severity, and causes a heavy economic burden. The economic, social, and physical burdens of migraine grow with the increasing frequency of headache attacks. Mechanism-based treatments are increasingly needed, especially for those with chronic migraine (CM) or episodic migraine (EM) with frequent attacks. Conventional migraine-preventive medications have been essentially developed for some other diseases and shown to be also effective against migraine headaches. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability issues limit their use for an adequate duration, and most patients are under the risk of medication-overuse headache because of the ineffectiveness of attack treatments. In recent decades, a better understanding of migraine pathophysiology has given a new direction to migraine drug research to fulfill the unmet need for the development of migraine-specific medications. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has attracted attention with its potential role in migraine pathogenesis and has become the focus of drug research in this area as of the 1990s. The first monoclonal antibody developed and approved for the treatment of migraine is erenumab. Being the only therapeutic antibody against the CGRP receptor, erenumab differs from the other monoclonal antibodies for migraine prevention that target the CGRP ligand. Erenumab is a fully human, immunoglobulin G2 class monoclonal antibody with no immunomodulatory effect. It blocks the CGRP receptor with high affinity and selectivity and prevents binding of the CGRP ligand to this receptor. It does not have a significant effect on other receptors in the calcitonin receptor family. Erenumab has been shown to diminish the number of migraine days and the need for attack treatment and to improve patient-reported outcomes in patients with EM and CM

Effect of thermocycling on the amount of monomer released from bulk fill composite resins

Hatipoglu, Omer/0000-0002-4628-8551; Karadas, Muhammet/0000-0002-3357-6896WOS: 000510806600019PubMed: 31582597The goal of this study was to examine the effect of thermal cycling on the amount of monomer released from bulk fill composites. Five bulk fill composite resins were used in the study. Extraction solutions were obtained at the end of the time/thermal cycle periods: 0-1 day/0-1,500, 1-3 days/1,500-4,500 and 3-7 days/4,500-10,000. the monomers in the extractions samples taken at each time point were measured on an HPLC instrument. the obtained data were analyzed by repeated measures of variance analysis and tukey multiple comparison tests (p<0.05). the thermocycling increased the amount of monomer released from all composites at 0-1 day (p<0.05). At 0-1 and 1-3 days, Venus Bulk Fill and Filtek Bulk Fill composite resins were more affected. Polymer networks with high molecular weight monomers such as Bis-GMA and UDMA can be less affected by thermal changes compared to polymers with low molecular weight monomers.Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Research FundRecep Tayyip Erdogan University [2015.53001.111.03.01]The data presented in this study are a part of the doctoral thesis of Mr. Omer HATIPOGLU. This study was supported by Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Research Fund under Grant (Project code: 2015.53001.111.03.01)

Influence of different light-curing units on monomer elution from bulk fill composites

Hatipoglu, Omer/0000-0002-4628-8551; Karadas, Muhammet/0000-0002-3357-6896WOS: 000456292100008Objectives: This in vitro study assessed the effect of different light-curing units on the elution of monomers from bulk fill composites with different thicknesses. Methods: Five bulk fill composites (Filtek Bulk Fill Flowable, SonicFill 2, SDR, Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill, and Venus Bulk Fill) and one conventional composite (Filtek Z250) were selected for the study. the cylindrical specimens in thickness of 2 mm or 4 mm were prepared and photopolymerized for 20 s with a light-emitting diode (VALO Cordless) or a halogen (Monitex BlueLuxer) light-curing unit. the specimens in glass vials were covered with a 75% ethanol/water solution. Ethanol/water extraction solutions were collected for high-performance liquid chromatography analysis after 24 h, 3 days, and 7 days. the data were analyzed with repeated measures and three-way ANOVA (p < 0.05). Results: the total monomer amount was significantly influenced by light-curing source used and thickness. the highest levels of Bis-GMA and Bis-EMA were eluted from Tetric N-Ceram BulkFill and Venus Bulk Fill, respectively. SonicFill 2 released the highest level of TEGDMA at 4-mm thickness. the highest levels of UDMA release, from 4-mm-thick Filtek Bulk Fill Flowable, were attained using the halogen unit. Conclusions: Light-curing sources affected the number of monomers released by materials. the amount of eluted monomers declined over time. the increased ratio of released monomers to increased thickness is material dependent. the number of residual monomers is highly associated with the resin ratio and crosslinking network of the composites.Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Research FundRecep Tayyip Erdogan University [2015.53001.111.03.01]1 This study was supported by Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Research Fund under Grant (Project code: [2015.53001.111.03.01])

BIOMARKERS OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AND VASCULAR DEMENTIA SIMULTANEOUSLY SAMPLED FROM SERUM AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

Introduction: Alzheimer's disease, which is a progressive disease accompanied by behavioral problems and decreased activities of daily living with early cognitive decline, and vascular dementia, which is related to cerebrovascular lesions with gradual, progressive cognitive decline, are common in the elderly. Currently, pathological examination is the gold standard in both Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia and studies to elucidate the role of cytokines in their pathophysiology using cerebrospinal fluid and serum biological markers have been intensified. In this study, cerebrospinal fluid and serum biomarker levels from both Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia patients were examined

Comparison of single and repeated blockade of the greater occipital nerve in migraine treatment

Objective: Migraine is a neurovascular syndrome that can be triggered by several conditions such as increased stress levels, sleep disorders, some foods, hormonal abnormalities, and weather changes. In this study, the efficacy of single and repetitive greater occipital nerve blockade on patients with migraine were investigated. Methods: Forty migraineurs were divided into 2 groups randomly. Group 1 (n=20) received 1 session of blockade and group 2 (n=20) received 3 sessions of blockade per week with 2.5 cc 1\% lidocaine. The number of attacks monthly, duration of attacks (in hours), and pain severity using a visual analogue scale (VAS) were recorded, then compared with the pretreatment values and at the 6th and 12th weeks after treatment. Results: Group 1 showed a statistically significant decrease for all parameters compared with the 6th week values (p<0.05). Group 2 also showed a statistically significant decrease both at the 6th and 12th weeks for all parameters (p<0.05). The decrease in the frequency of pain at the 6th week between group 1 and 2 was statistically significant. The decrease in pain intensity (VAS) at the 12th week in group 2 was more significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Greater occipital nerve blockade seems to be effective in the treatment of migraine and repeated blockade can be more effective in migraine treatment

Chronic Migraine: Burden, Comorbidities, and Treatment

Chronic migraine (CM) is defined as headache occurring on 15 or more days per month for more than three months, which, on at least 8 days per month, has the features of migraine headache. In the International Classification of Headache Disorders, CM is defined as a separate entity and the presence of drug overuse headache is removed from being an exclusion criterion. CM accounts for more than 10% of all migraine patients and includes the group with the most prominent disease-related disability. Diagnosis is often overlooked and most patients do not receive appropriate treatment. CM is associated with social and economic burdens such as frequent use of health services, drug overuse, and significant disruption to work and school life. Compared with episodic migraine, more frequent comorbid disorders are important in migraine chronicity, treatment, and course. With appropriate treatment in CM, it is possible to increase the quality of life of the patient and to reduce the social economic burden associated with migraine. In this review, the disease burden of CM, accompanying comorbid diseases, and current treatment options are reviewed

Effect of nitrergic system on colonic motility in a rat model of irritable bowel syndrome

Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate whether nitric oxide (NO)-mediated colonic motility was altered in rat irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) model, using different isoforms of NO-synthase (NOS) inhibitors