10 research outputs found
Free-Motion Beam Propagation Factor Measurement by Means of a Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulator
In contrast to the mechanical scanning procedure
described in the standard ISO/DIS 11146, the use of electronically tunable focal length lenses has proved its capability for the
measurement of the laser beam propagation factor (
) without
moving components. Here, we demonstrate a novel experimental
implementation where we use a low-cost programmable liquid
crystal spatial light modulator (SLM) for sequentially codifying
a set of lenses with different focal lengths. The use of this kind of
modulators introduces some beneïŹts such as the possibility for
high numerical aperture or local beam control of the phase of the
lenses which allows for minimizing systematic errors originated by
lens aberrations. The beamwidth, according to the second-order
moment of the irradiance, is determined for each focal length by
using a digital sensor at a ïŹxed position with respect to the spatial
light modulator. After ïŹtting the measured data to the theoretical
focusing behavior of a real laser beam, the beam propagation
factor is obtained. We successfully validated the results in the laboratory where a full digital control of the measurement procedure
without mechanical scanning was demonstrated
Dispersion management in two-photon microscopy by using diffractive optical elements
We demonstrate efficient generation of wide-field fluorescence signals in two-photon microscopy exploiting diffractive optical elements and short pulses by using a dispersion-compensated beam delivery optics module. Computer-generated holograms are codified onto a phase-only spatial light modulator, which allows for arbitrary single-shot patterning of the sample. Spatiotemporal shaping of the pulse is mandatory to overcome spatial chirp and pulse-front tilt effects that spread both in space and time the irradiance patterns, thus limiting not only the spatial resolution but also the signal-to-noise ratio in two-photon microscopy. By using a multipass amplifier delivering 30 fs, 0.8 mJ pulses at 1 kHz repetition rate, we experimentally demonstrated arbitrary single-shot fluorescence irradiance patterns in Rhodamine B
Multibeam second-harmonic generation by spatiotemporal shaping of femtosecond pulses
We present a technique for efficient generation of the second-harmonic signal at several points of a nonlinear crystal simultaneously. Multispot operation is performed by using a diffractive optical element that splits the near-infrared light of a mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser into an arbitrary array of beams that are transformed into an array of foci at the nonlinear crystal. We show that, for pulse temporal durations under 100 fs, spatiotemporal shaping of the pulse is mandatory to overcome chromatic dispersion effects that spread both in space and time the foci showing a reduced peak intensity that prevents nonlinear phenomena. We experimentally demonstrate arbitrary irradiance patterns for the second-harmonic signal consisting of more than 100 spots with a multipass amplifier delivering 28 fs, 0.8 mJ pulses at 1 kHz repetition rate.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e InnovaciĂłn (MICINN) and FEDER through the projects FIS2010-15746, FIS2009-09522, and SAUUL (CSD2007-00013) and the FundaciĂł Caixa CastellĂł (P1- 1B2010-26)
Competitiveness of the Estonian dairy sector, 1994â2014
Historically, the dairy sector has been one of the most important and competitive branches of the Estonian agriculture and food industry. Since the beginning of the transitional period 25 years ago, Estonian society and its economy have gone through significant institutional, political and societal changes, which have also affected the dairy sector. This paper provides a review of the competitiveness of the Estonian dairy sector. The competitiveness of dairy farms, the dairy processing industry and dairy exports are discussed from several perspectives applied in the studies of competitiveness. Also, the context of the transition to a market economy and institutional, policy and market changes are considered. In the past 20 years, the Estonian dairy sector has maintained its competitiveness in export markets. However, there are several aspects that need to be addressed in order to maintain competitiveness in the long term. Estonian dairy farms need to increase their total factor productivity. The negative trends in the declining lifespan of dairy cows and declining content of milk components should be stopped. The Estonian dairy processing industry needs to increase labour productivity and value per kg of processed milk. To avoid the negative effects of specialisation on certain products and markets, the portfolio of export markets and products should be expanded. The EU dairy market is going through deregulation, and farm payments in Estonia fell in 2014. This is not the first time in 20 years that agricultural policy has not been overly protective of the dairy sector. Therefore, the future competitiveness of the Estonian dairy sector depends mainly on its adaptive capacity in the light of changing markets, policies and institutions
High-visibility interference fringes with femtosecond laser radiation
We propose and experimentally demonstrate an interferometer for femtosecond pulses with spectral bandwidth about 100 nm. The scheme is based on a Michelson interferometer with a dispersion compensating module. A diffractive lens serves the purpose of equalizing the optical-path-length difference for a wide range of frequencies. In this way, it is possible to register high-contrast interference fringes with micrometric resolution over the whole area of a commercial CCD sensor for broadband femtosecond pulse
RENTOWNOĆÄ EKONOMICZNA WEDĆUG WIELKOĆCI GOSPODARSTWA W ESTOĆSKICH GOSPODARSTWACH RODZINNYCH
Small farms are subject to a wide range of influences on their viability including
economic, policy and regulatory drivers as well as internal farm household
drivers of change. Small farms have experienced a decline in numbers compared
to large farms. The main task of the paper is to determine the share of viable
farms of different size groups in Estonia, exploring the factors that are associated
with economically viable farms. For determination of the share of viable farms of
different size groups the opportunity-cost-based approach is used. Farm viability
is estimated by using the data from the Estonian Farm Accounting Data Network.
The results indicate that the economic viability of Estonian farms has slightly
increased, but the share of viable farms has decreased. Smaller farmsâ economic
viability is declining, many of them are economically vulnerable. Smaller farmsâ
capability to survive and develop by using the available resources is lower compared
to larger farms.Na rentownoĆÄ maĆych gospodarstw ma wpĆyw wiele czynnikĂłw, wĆÄ
czajÄ
c
w to czynniki gospodarcze, polityczne i regulacyjne, a takĆŒe czynniki wewnÄtrzne
powodujÄ
ce zmiany w gospodarstwie rolnym. MaĆe gospodarstwa odnotowaĆy
spadek liczby w porĂłwnaniu z duĆŒymi gospodarstwami. GĆĂłwnym zadaniem
niniejszego opracowania jest okreĆlenie udziaĆu rentownych gospodarstw
rĂłĆŒnej wielkoĆci w Estonii, badajÄ
c czynniki zwiÄ
zane z rentownymi ekonomicznie
gospodarstwami. Do okreĆlenia udziaĆu rentownych gospodarstw rĂłĆŒnej
wielkoĆci stosuje siÄ podejĆcie oparte na kosztach alternatywnych. RentownoĆÄ
gospodarstw szacowana jest na podstawie danych z estoĆskiego Systemu
Zbierania i Wykorzystywania Danych Rachunkowych z Gospodarstw Rolnych.
Wyniki wskazujÄ
, ĆŒe rentownoĆÄ ekonomiczna estoĆskich gospodarstw nieznacznie
wzrosĆa, ale zmalaĆ udziaĆ rentownych gospodarstw rolnych. RentownoĆÄ
ekonomiczna mniejszych gospodarstw maleje, wiele z nich jest zagroĆŒonych
gospodarczo. ZdolnoĆÄ mniejszych gospodarstw do przetrwania i rozwoju
dziÄki wykorzystaniu dostÄpnych zasobĂłw jest niĆŒsza w porĂłwnaniu z wiÄkszymi
gospodarstwami
Economic Viability by Farm Size of Estonian Family Farms
Small farms are subject to a wide range of influences on their viability including economic, policy and regulatory drivers as well as internal farm household drivers of change. Small farms have experienced a decline in numbers compared to large farms. The main task of the paper is to determine the share of viable farms of different size groups in Estonia, exploring the factors that are associated with economically viable farms. For determination of the share of viable farms of different size groups the opportunity-cost-based approach is used. Farm viability is estimated by using the data from the Estonian Farm Accounting Data Network. The results indicate that the economic viability of Estonian farms has slightly increased, but the share of viable farms has decreased. Smaller farmsâ economic viability is declining, many of them are economically vulnerable. Smaller farmsâ capability to survive and develop by using the available resources is lower compared to larger farms
Efficiency and productivity change of Estonian dairy farms from 2001 - 2009
The purpose of this paper is to analyse productivity change of Estonian dairy farms
during the period 2001-2009. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) was used to estimate the
technical efficiency of producers and Malmquist productivity index for analysis of
productivity change. Estonian FADN data was used in analysis. Performed analysis
indicated that Estonian EU accession in 2004 increased considerably total factor
productivity. Farm gate milk prices have considerable effect on total factor productivity
change. Number of cows and milk yield has positive and dependence on subsidies,
stocking density and capital to working hours ratio have negative effects on total factor
productivity change
Efficiency and productivity change of Estonian dairy farms from 2001 - 2009
The purpose of this paper is to analyse productivity change of Estonian dairy farms during the period 2001-2009. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) was used to estimate the technical efficiency of producers and Malmquist productivity index for analysis of productivity change. Estonian FADN data was used in analysis. Performed analysis indicated that Estonian EU accession in 2004 increased considerably total factor productivity. Farm gate milk prices have considerable effect on total factor productivity change. Number of cows and milk yield has positive and dependence on subsidies, stocking density and capital to working hours ratio have negative effects on total factor productivity change.Malmquist productivity index, technical efficiency, technical change, data envelopment analysis, dairy production, Livestock Production/Industries, Productivity Analysis,
Maaelu arengu aruanne
AastaraamatudMe keegi ei soovi vaid nelja linna koondunud Eestit.
AastapĂ€evad tagasi, kohtumisel Polli aiandusuuringute keskuses, tutvustasid Eesti MaaĂŒlikooli
teadlased mulle mÔtet koostada maaelu arengu aruanne, mis hindaks arenguid Eesti maaelus iseseisvuse
taastamise jÀrel ning vaataks ka tulevikku. Pidasin seda oluliseks, sest peame uurima, milliseid
vÔimalusi tuleks kasutada maaelu arendamiseks.
Eesti ees on kĂŒsimus, kuidas me saame kujundada maapiirkondades â hoolimata vĂ€hesest rahvaarvust
ja madalast elanikkonna tihedusest â elukeskkonna, kus inimesed tahavad ja saavad elada ning
kuhu nad tahavad tagasi tulla. Kindlasti tÀhendab see arenenud taristut, turvatunnet, arstiabi kÀttesaadavust,
vÔimalust saada head haridust.
Maaelust ja regionaalpoliitikast laiemalt kÔneledes ei saa me mÔelda ainult traditsioonilistele maapiirkondadele,
kĂŒladele vĂ”i valdadele. TĂ€helepanu tuleb pöörata ka neile linnadele, mis suudavad
olla oma piirkonna arengu vedajateks. Ma ei mÔtle Tallinnale, PÀrnule, Tartule ja JÔhvile, kuhu
riigiasutused koondavad oma keskused. Ma mÔtlen siin traditsioonilisi maakonnakeskusi.
Selleks on oluline avaliku sektori, ĂŒldisemalt öeldes Eesti riigi tegevus ja nĂ€htav kohalolek ning
panus maakondades. See on iga piirkonna sotsiaalmajandusliku arengu ĂŒks vedajaid ja seotud vahetult
inimest puudutavate teenuste kÀttesaadavusega. Erinevad uuringud ja ka ajaloolised kogemused
nĂ€itavad â korraliku taristu ĂŒmber koondub elu. Tugev taristu tĂ€hendab aga kvaliteetsete teenuste
kÀttesaadavust kÔikjal Eestis, sellest peab lÀhtuma riik avaliku halduse kujundamisel. Elamine
LÀÀnemaal vÔi VÔrumaal ei tohi inimest Eesti riigist eraldada ega muuta Eesti riiki talle kaugemaks.
Me peame samuti mÔtlema riigiasutuste olemasolule vÀljaspool Eesti mÔistes suuremaid linnu.
Alati pole âoptimeerimineâ meie rahvale optimaalseim lahendus. KĂ”ike ei saa mÔÔta vaid kokkuhoitud
eurodes. Muidu saaks peagi loogiliselt ka kĂŒsida: kas riigita poleks veelgi odavam ja optimaalsem.
Pigem otsigu ka riik vÔimalusi pakkuda vÀiksemateski kohtades tööd haritud inimestele,
mis aitab otseselt kaasa investeeringute ja ettevÔtluse tulekule piirkonda. Loodetavasti ei soovi me
keegi Eestit, mis on koondunud vaid nelja linna.
See tÀhendab aga teineteist austavat koostööd riigi ja omavalitsuste vahel, kuid ka kÔrgkoolide
panust, inimeste kaasarÀÀkimist ja nende Ă€rakuulamist, et leida ĂŒheskoos viisid ja vĂ”imalused, kuidas
toetada maaelu mitmekesistumist ja seelÀbi kestmist.
Just maaelu mitmekesistamine on ĂŒheks vĂ”tmeks, mis aitab kohapeal elu edendada. Soodsa ettevĂ”tluskliima
loomine erinevate mikro- ja vÀikeettevÔtetele peamiselt tööstuse vallas ning regionaalsetele
vajadustele vastavate töökohtade hulk nÀitab 21. sajandil maaelu arengutaset ja piirkonna heaolu.
Selleks on kindlasti oluline lÀbi mÔelda ja lÀbi arutada ka omavalitsuste otsuste mÔju valla vÔi linna
arengule, koostada parimat mĂ”ju omavate otsuste ĂŒlevaade â hea eeskuju â kolleegidele kasutamiseks
ja hindamiseks.
Muidugi lisandub siia igas piirkonnas oma kohalike tootjate kaasamine, kasvÔi seelÀbi, et just nemad
varustaksid maakonna koolisööklaid toiduga. LÔpuks on meil valida kahe suuna vahel: kas
edendame ja hoiame aktiivselt kohalikku elu, kasutades ka Euroopa lÔimumisega pakutud vÔimalusi
vÔi siis laseme passiivselt minna elul lihtsalt oma teed.
TÀnan kÔiki maaelu arengu aruande koostajaid ja soovin head kaasamÔtlemist lugejatele.
Toomas Hendrik Ilves
Vabariigi President
Kadriorus, 7. detsembril 2011Lugupeetud maaelu arengu aruande lugeja.
IgaĂŒks meist omab teatud suhet Eesti maaellu. Kas siis ise maal elades, töötades vĂ”i omades sugulasi
ja sÔpru erinevates piirkondades. Taasiseseisvunud Eesti Vabariigis on toimunud vÀga suured
muutused, kuid ilmselt ĂŒhed suuremad muutused on aset leidnud maalistes piirkondades. MĂ€letame
ju hÀsti, kui palju oli pÔllumajandustöötajaid ja kui palju elanikke maapiirkondades. Praeguseks on
pÔllu- ja metsamajanduslikel aladel nagu ka töötlevas tööstuses toimunud tohutud muutused just
tööviljakuse osas, mis omakorda on viinud inimeste lahkumiseni maalt, eelkÔige kaugematest valdadest.
Muutused inimeste paiknemises, nende tegevusvaldkondades jne on mĂ”jutanud mitte ainult ĂŒksikute
omavalitsuste tegevust, vaid terveid piirkondi, muutes osa neist inimestele veelgi atraktiivsemaks,
nagu nĂ€iteks linnade lĂ€hipiirkonnad, aga mis on kurvem â jĂ€tnud vĂ€iksema konkurentsivĂ”imega
piirkonnad ĂŒsna tĂŒhjaks, nii et nende konkurentsi- ja inimeste tagasitoomise vĂ”ime jĂ€rjest
langes. Oleme jĂ”udnud teatud uude tasakaalustaadiumi, mida on otstarbekas analĂŒĂŒsida, et selle
alusel oleks vÔimalik teha pika mÔjuga otsuseid.
Me vÔime ja peaksime aga vaatlema tekkinud probleeme mitte murena, vaid hoopis uute vÔimalustena,
mis vÔimaldavad targa tegutsemise juures maaelu tulevikus hoopis kiirendada. Selleks ongi
Teie kÀes olev materjal vajalik, et vaadata korraks tagasi ja seada siis sammud edasi, vÀltides kunagi
tehtud vigu.
Loodame, et antud materjalist on kasu meie tulevikuanalĂŒĂŒside tegemisel ja otsuste Ă”igsuse kontrollimisel.
Samas oleks vajalik, et selline olukorra jÀlgimine erinevates maaelu valdkondades muutuks
iga-aastaseks. See muudaks ka otsustuskogudel protsesside jÀlgimise lihtsamaks ja otsustuste
tegemise kergemaks.
Soovin kÔigile avastamist kÀesolevast aruandest ja edu siit saadud ideede rakendamisel.
Lugupidamisega
Mait Klaassen,
Eesti MaaĂŒlikooli rektorSaateks.
Inimese elukeskkond, tema vĂ”imalused ja valikud â need teemad on pĂ€lvinud paljude uurijate tĂ€helepanu
ja ajendanud looma uusi teadussuundi. Kas Eestimaal elava inimese elukeskkond vÔimaldab
asukohast olenemata tunda end ĂŒhiskonna tĂ€isvÀÀrtusliku liikmena ja kogeda sellest rahulolu?
Teadlased on kindlaks teinud, et inimese elukeskkond ja selle korraldus mÔjutab otseselt tema valikuid.
Mis on siis maaelu ja mis eristab seda linnaelust? Mida mÔistame maaelu arengu all ning kuidas
seda arengut mÔÔta ja mÔjutada? Need on teemad, mis vajavad lahtirÀÀkimist. Maaelus toimunud
reformide tulemusena on aset leidnud mitmed struktuursed muutused nii elanikkonna tööga kindlustamisel
kui ka ettevÔtlussektorites. Viimase 20 aasta jooksul on Eesti maaelus muutunud oluliselt
ka teenuste kĂ€ttesaadavus ja kvaliteet. Eeltoodu ĂŒhe peamise pĂ”hjusena vĂ”ib esile tuua vĂ€heneva
rahvaarvu ning suhteliselt hÔreda asustustiheduse maapiirkondades.
Siinkohal tekivad mitmed kĂŒsimused: kas suudame maapiirkondades tagada elukvaliteedi kĂ”igile
seal elavatele inimestele; kas elukeskkond erinevates Eesti piirkondades on sarnane; kas saame
mĂ”jutada protsesse, mis saavad alguse vĂ€ikesest rahvaarvust? Need on kĂŒsimused, mille pĂ€rast
valutame sĂŒdant ja millele tahame saada vastuseid. Maa on meid sajandeid toitnud, tĂ€napĂ€eval on
maa muutunud rohkem ka konkureerivaks ressursiks erinevate valdkondade vahel. Maaelu ilma
maata ei ole vÔimalik ette kujutada. Kuid kas meil on maal sÀilinud piisaval mÀÀral toidutootmine
ja metsandus kui traditsioonilised tegevusvaldkonnad? Kas meie maapiirkonna elanikud leiavad
rakendust ja tööd oma kodukandis vÔi on sunnitud liikuma erinevate piirkondade vahel, sest lÀheduses
ei ole tagatud töökohad pereliikmetele, koolid asuvad elukohast kaugel jms?
Nendele kĂŒsimustele tahame senisest enam pöörata avalikkuse tĂ€helepanu ja neile kĂŒsimustele
otsitakse vastuseid ka kÀesolevas I maaelu arengu aruandes. Maaelu on igati oluline valdkond,
vÀÀrimaks enamat avalikkuse tĂ€helepanu ja diskussiooni â see on aruande koostajate kindel seisukoht.
Rando VĂ€rnik,
Eesti MaaĂŒlikooli
majandus- ja sotsiaalinstituudi direktorMaaelu arengu aruande koostamist finantseeris Eesti haridus- ja teadusministeerium.TrĂŒkise vĂ€ljaandmist toetas Eesti pĂ”llumajandusministeeriu