Manipulação genética e dignidade humana

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências JurídicasUm tema como a manipulação genética e dignidade humana: da bioética ao direito, tem por fim verificar o desenvolvimento da pesquisa científica na área da genética, com suas manipulações e respectivas conseqüências sobre a dignidade humana, a bioética e o direito. Tem que ser possível definir a influência da ética e do direito no desenvolvimento das pesquisas científicas. Para definir essas possibilidades, utilizou-se tanto do método indutivo, com vistas à apreensão da realidade externa do desenvolvimento das pesquisas científicas em genética, e ainda do método de abordagem dedutivo, na construção de parâmetros teóricos de base, ou seja, na idealização das impressões apreendidas, essenciais para a posterior elaboração de inferências críticas. A técnica de pesquisa consistiu no levantamento de dados, através da pesquisa bibliográfica em documentação indireta. No primeiro capítulo, buscou-se rever as bases conceituais teóricas da ética, da moral, da bioética, do ser humano e do direito, sendo primeiramente efetuadas reflexões sobre as noções de ética, moral, bioética e seus princípios universais, para depois refletir sobre o ser humano e a sua dignidade face aos princípios da bioética. Observando, em seguida, a ausência de legislação brasileira para o desenvolvimento das pesquisas em genética, e o capítulo foi finalizado com considerações a respeito da bioética e do "biodireito", ressalvada a sua importância para a coletividade. No segundo capítulo, por sua vez, foi demonstrado o potencial da manipulação genética, tendo sido dada maior ênfase ao desenvolvimento do projeto genoma humano com um levantamento dos projetos na área de genética, já executados e dos ainda em curso, pontualizando eventuais benefícios e riscos decorrentes deste conhecimento, concluindo afirmando a importância da bioética e do biodireito no desenvolvimento destas pesquisas científicas. E, por fim, no terceiro capítulo, foi realizada uma análise crítica dos riscos potenciais da utilização do conhecimento adquirido através da manipulação genética. Seletividade, redução da diversidade humana e ainda a violação do direito à privacidade genética foram apontados como alguns dos riscos que atingirão diretamente a dignidade do homem. A conclusão reflete acerca da importância da bioética e do biodireito, como alternativas à redução do potencial negativo da pesquisa genética e como garantia à dignidade human

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI 2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/images/research_banner_face_lab_290.jpgunderweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity

Sleep enhances numbers and function of monocytes and improves bacterial infection outcome in mice

Sleep strongly impacts both humoral and cellular immunity; however, its acute effects on the innate immune defense against pathogens are unclear. Here, we elucidated in mice whether sleep affects the numbers and functions of innate immune cells and their defense against systemic bacterial infection. Sleep significantly increased numbers of classical monocytes in blood and spleen of mice that were allowed to sleep for six hours at the beginning of the normal resting phase compared to mice kept awake for the same time. The sleep-induced effect on classical monocytes was neither caused by alterations in corticosterone nor myelopoiesis, bone marrow egress or death of monocytes and did only partially involve Gαi-protein coupled receptors like chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), but not the adhesion molecules intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) or lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1). Notably, sleep suppressed the expression of the clock gene Arntl in splenic monocytes and the sleep-induced increase in circulating classical monocytes was abrogated in Arntl-deficient animals, indicating that sleep is a prerequisite for clock-gene driven rhythmic trafficking of classical monocytes. Sleep also enhanced the production of reactive oxygen species by monocytes and neutrophils. Moreover, sleep profoundly reduced bacterial load in blood and spleen of mice that were allowed to sleep before systemic bacterial infection and consequently increased survival upon infection. These data provide the first evidence that sleep enhances numbers and function of innate immune cells and therewith strengthens early defense against bacterial pathogens