Role of MHC-I Expression on Spinal Motoneuron Survival and Glial Reactions Following Ventral Root Crush in Mice

Lesions to the CNS/PNS interface are especially severe, leading to elevated neuronal degeneration. In the present work, we establish the ventral root crush model for mice, and demonstrate the potential of such an approach, by analyzing injury evoked motoneuron loss, changes of synaptic coverage and concomitant glial responses in β2-microglobulin knockout mice (β2m KO). Young adult (8–12 weeks old) C57BL/6J (WT) and β2m KO mice were submitted to a L4–L6 ventral roots crush. Neuronal survival revealed a time-dependent motoneuron-like cell loss, both in WT and β2m KO mice. Along with neuronal loss, astrogliosis increased in WT mice, which was not observed in β2m KO mice. Microglial responses were more pronounced during the acute phase after lesion and decreased over time, in WT and KO mice. At 7 days after lesion β2m KO mice showed stronger Iba-1+ cell reaction. The synaptic inputs were reduced over time, but in β2m KO, the synaptic loss was more prominent between 7 and 28 days after lesion. Taken together, the results herein demonstrate that ventral root crushing in mice provides robust data regarding neuronal loss and glial reaction. The retrograde reactions after injury were altered in the absence of functional MHC-I surface expression

Otitis Media and Internal with Brainstem Extension in a French Bulldog

Background: Otitis is a frequent condition in dogs, with a multifactorial etiology covering primary causes, predisposing and perpetuating factors. It is characterized by an inflammatory process of structures that make up the auditory system, with prevalence data ranging from 15 to 20%, which can occur in any age group and without sex predisposition. According to the location, it can be classified as uni or bilateral, affecting the outer, middle and / or inner ear, the latter two being associated with neurological changes such as vestibulopathy, facial nerve paresis and Horner's syndrome. The morbidity and mortality of otitis media and internal may increase with delay in diagnosis, resulting in delay in the correct treatment, and the extension to brainstem is described in felines and considered rare in dogs. The present study aims to report an atypical case of otitis media and internal, with extension to the brain parenchyma in a brachycephalic dog.Case: A 3-year-old bitch French Bulldog canine was seen, weighing 12 kg, with a history of vomiting, apathy, nystagmus, ataxia and acute evolution hemiparesis. As a result of adoption, it was not known about the animal's morbid past. On special physical and clinical examination, depressed mental status, changes in postural reactions, nostril stenosis with unilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge, corneal ulcer, palpebral and labial ptosis, absence of eyelid reflex and spontaneous strabismus were observed, all of these findings observed on the left side of the face. No signs of otitis external to otoscopy were found. The clinical signs found characterize left facial nerve paresis and peripheral and central vestibulopathy. Otitis media / internal and meningoencephalitis were suspected. Hemogram, serum biochemistry (glucose, urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, total proteins, albumin, globulin, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyltransferase, phosphorus, total bilirubin, cholesterol and total calcium), urinalysis, rapid tests for erlichiosis, anaplasms , borreliosis, heartworm, distemper and leishmaniasis, CSF analysis, neurological panel performed by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) that tested the animal for Bartonellosis, Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi), Blastomyces dermatitidis, Cryptococcus sp., Virus West Nile, Distemper, Toxoplasmosis, Neosporose and Coccidioides sp. using conjunctival swab, whole blood, urine and CSF samples. The samples were negative for all of these tests. As an image exam, brain magnetic resonance was performed. In the latter, otitis media and left internal was observed with extension of the lesion to the brain parenchyma. CSF analysis showed cytological changes compatible with a non-suppurative inflammatory process, mild pleocytosis with predominantly mononuclear leukocyte infiltrate. As a form of treatment, antibiotic therapy and total ablation of the auditory canal with lateral bulectomy were performed, showing good results with reduced clinical symptoms.Discussion: It is concluded that although the diagnosis of otitis media and internal with extension to brainstem is more common in cats, it should be included as a differential for central vestibular disorders in dogs, and that the diagnosis together with early and effective treatment are important, since that the evolution of the infection to the central nervous system represents a risk to the patient.Keywords: vestibulopathy, meningoencephalitis, brachycephalic.Descritores: vestibulopatia, meningoencefalite, braquicefálico.Título: Otite média e interna com extensão para tronco encefálico em cão buldogue francês

A hipertrofia muscular e o consumo de álcool

Muscle hypertrophy provides the improvement of physical aptitudes, health conditions, physical conditioning and longevity. Furthermore, alcohol consumption is a common practice in society, becoming an obstacle when individuals seek weight loss, improvement of physical or aesthetic condition. This is because alcohol consumption impairs muscle gain, as its intake breaks the balance, thus affecting homeostasis. In this context, the work aimed at alcohol consumption and vulnerabilities to hypertrophy in non-athletes. The study is a theoretical reflection of a qualitative approach, on the effects of the consumption of alcoholic beverages in the process of hypertrophy of the skeletal muscles of the human body. However, changes in habits favor the increase of lean mass, and many people who have their goals restrained by the use of alcohol seek in anabolic steroids the income that was lost in diet, metabolism or in the indisposition to practice caused by excess alcohol. Finally, moderate alcohol consumption is not an impediment to hypertrophy in non-athletes, and its use is highly prevalent in physically active individuals.A hipertrofia muscular proporciona a melhoria das aptidões físicas, condições de saúde, do condicionamento físico e na longevidade. Outrossim, o consumo de álcool é uma prática comum na sociedade, tornando-se empecilho quando os indivíduos buscam: perda de peso, melhoria da condição física ou estética. Isso porque, o consumo de álcool prejudica no ganho de músculo, visto que sua ingestão quebra o equilíbrio, afetando assim a homeostase. Nesse contexto, o trabalho objetivou sobre o consumo de álcool e as vulnerabilidades frente a hipertrofia em pessoas não atletas. O estudo se trata de uma reflexão teórica de abordagem qualitativa, sobre os efeitos do consumo de bebidas alcóolicas no processo de hipertrofia da musculatura esquelética do corpo humano. Todavia, mudanças de hábitos favorecem o aumento de massa magra, e muitas das pessoas que tem seus objetivos refreados pelo uso de álcool buscam em anabolizantes o rendimento que se perdeu na dieta, no metabolismo ou na indisposição para a prática causada pelo excesso de álcool. Por fim, o consumo moderado de álcool não é um fator impeditivo da hipertrofia em pessoas não atletas, e seu uso é evidenciado em grande prevalência em indivíduos fisicamente ativos

A hipertrofia muscular e o consumo de álcool

Muscle hypertrophy provides the improvement of physical aptitudes, health conditions, physical conditioning and longevity. Furthermore, alcohol consumption is a common practice in society, becoming an obstacle when individuals seek weight loss, improvement of physical or aesthetic condition. This is because alcohol consumption impairs muscle gain, as its intake breaks the balance, thus affecting homeostasis. In this context, the work aimed at alcohol consumption and vulnerabilities to hypertrophy in non-athletes. The study is a theoretical reflection of a qualitative approach, on the effects of the consumption of alcoholic beverages in the process of hypertrophy of the skeletal muscles of the human body. However, changes in habits favor the increase of lean mass, and many people who have their goals restrained by the use of alcohol seek in anabolic steroids the income that was lost in diet, metabolism or in the indisposition to practice caused by excess alcohol. Finally, moderate alcohol consumption is not an impediment to hypertrophy in non-athletes, and its use is highly prevalent in physically active individuals.A hipertrofia muscular proporciona a melhoria das aptidões físicas, condições de saúde, do condicionamento físico e na longevidade. Outrossim, o consumo de álcool é uma prática comum na sociedade, tornando-se empecilho quando os indivíduos buscam: perda de peso, melhoria da condição física ou estética. Isso porque, o consumo de álcool prejudica no ganho de músculo, visto que sua ingestão quebra o equilíbrio, afetando assim a homeostase. Nesse contexto, o trabalho objetivou sobre o consumo de álcool e as vulnerabilidades frente a hipertrofia em pessoas não atletas. O estudo se trata de uma reflexão teórica de abordagem qualitativa, sobre os efeitos do consumo de bebidas alcóolicas no processo de hipertrofia da musculatura esquelética do corpo humano. Todavia, mudanças de hábitos favorecem o aumento de massa magra, e muitas das pessoas que tem seus objetivos refreados pelo uso de álcool buscam em anabolizantes o rendimento que se perdeu na dieta, no metabolismo ou na indisposição para a prática causada pelo excesso de álcool. Por fim, o consumo moderado de álcool não é um fator impeditivo da hipertrofia em pessoas não atletas, e seu uso é evidenciado em grande prevalência em indivíduos fisicamente ativos

SUBSTITUTING SORGHUM GRAIN WITH CRUDE GLYCEROL IN DIETS FOR BEEF CATTLE

The expansion of the biodiesel industry has created opportunities for crude glycerol use in beef cattle diets. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of substituting sorghum grain with crude glycerol on dry matter intake (DMI), growth performance and feed intake pattern of 28 non-castrated Nelore males with initial body weight (BW) of 441 kg and 21.5 months of age housed in individual or collective pens. Crude glycerol was included at 15% of the ration dry matter as a replacement for sorghum grain. Orts were collected and weighed daily, and DMI was calculated by difference between feed offered and feed refused. Feed intake pattern was determined every two weeks after the beginning of the study in three intervals relative to feed delivery (0-4, 4-10, and 10-24 hours post-feeding). Animals’ BW was obtained on days 1, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, and 84 days of the trial after a 12-hour solid fasting. Crude glycerol did not alter (P>0.05) DMI, growth performance, hot carcass weight and dressing percentage compared with the control diet. A treatment × days of experiment response (P<0.05) occurred due to a decreased DMI in animals fed crude glycerol during the first 14 days of the trial. Crude glycerol-fed animals decreased (P<0.05) the NDF intake pattern in individual and collective pens. Crude glycerol can be used as a substitute for sorghum grain in beef cattle diets