Espectometria de massa: uma aplicação biológica

A partir de interpretações sobre a física de um campo eletromagnético sobre partículas eletricamente instáveis, foi desenvolvida uma técnica analítica de alta precisão que possui imensa aplicação na área biológica. Esta técnica é a espectrometria de massa que pode ser entendida como uma grande ferramenta de aplicação biológica pelo fato de, nas últimas seis décadas, ter representado um método eficiente para a identificação e quantificação de compostos químicos bioativos. Alguns exemplos de aplicação biológica e biomédica podem ser observados nos testes de doping, onde se procura a presença de drogas estimulantes, na análise residual de pesticidas em alimentos, nas análises de acúmulo de metais pesados no organismo, uma vez que podem desencadear neuropatias periféricas, e no seqüenciamento de proteínas que representam um importante papel na descoberta de fenômenos fisiológicos e patológicos associados às atividades protéicas do genoma humano. A espectrometria de massa é, sem dúvida, uma potente instrumentação analítica que tem alcançado mais espaço no mundo científico e tecnológico por solucionar problemas e gerar muitas perspectivas de progresso em análises químicas

Caracterização morfológica e bioquímica da Fibrina C leucoplaquetária autóloga : perspectivas na aplicação clínica

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, 2020.Os concentrados sanguíneos (CS), tanto a forma líquida anticoagulada de plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) como a forma polimérica de fibrina rica em plaquetas (PRF) são preparações terapêuticas autólogas não-transfusionais com propriedades biológicas aplicáveis na regeneração tecidual. Esses CS diferem na forma de preparo, na arquitetura da rede de fibrina, na liberação dos fatores de crescimento e no conteúdo de plaquetas e células. Considerando que as alterações metodológicas podem resultar em matrizes distintas e possíveis comprometimentos de sua eficácia clínica, este trabalho avaliou a influência de variações na força g, tempo de rotação, ângulo do rotor e tipos de tubos sobre o conteúdo celular, organização morfológica, tempo de fibrinólise e liberação do vascular endotelial growth fator (VEGF) em matrizes sanguíneas experimentais. Amostras de sangue humano foram utilizadas para obter matrizes experimentais de PRF e plasma sanguíneo em três modelos de centrífugas com distintos rotores de ângulo 80-2B (45o), EBA200 (33o) e FibrinFuge25 (25o); três forças g (200, 400 e 800 por 10 minutos); três tipos de tubos (tubos de plasma EDTA, vidro puro e plástico com SiO2). A contagem de células e plaquetas foi realizada por citometria de fluxo, utilizando um contador hematológico automático; As análises morfológicas dos espécimes experimentais de PRF foram realizadas por macroscopia (MA), microscopia óptica (LM), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM). A análise de VEGF foi realizada por Cytometric Bead Array (CBA), um imunoensaio quantitativo. Os resultados da contagem de plaquetas em amostras experimentais de plasma mostraram que as maiores concentrações na fração sobrenadante foram obtidas com 200 x g e com forças de 400 a 800 x g somente na zona de buffy coat. A análise macroscópica das matrizes de PRF apresentou membranas maiores e aumento da área de buffy coat com a utilização do ângulo reduzido. A análise por microscopia de luz apresentou um conteúdo mais dispersivo de plaquetas no corpo das matrizes com a redução do ângulo do rotor combinado à baixa força de g, bem como diferenças no aumento das concentrações de plaquetas no buffy coat (800 xg) e no corpo da matriz (200 xg). A análise por microscopia eletrônica de varredura reafirmou os achados da microscopia óptica a partir de cortes transversais do coágulo de PRF. Os aumentos de 20 a 40.000x esclareceram a ultraestrutura tridimensional da matriz de PRF, durante a fibrinólise, permitiu a visualização de fragmentos de óxido de silício utilizados como ativador de coágulo em tubos de plástico e a presença de eritrócitos poliédricos na porção terminal da PRF. As maiores concentrações de VEGF foram observadas nas matrizes obtidas em tubos de vidro submetidos às menores faixas de força g. Os resultados desse estudo elucidaram a estrutura da matriz de fibrina, a dispersão dos elementos figurados do sangue ao longo da matriz e a variação morfológica sofrida pela fibrina durante o processo de fibrinólise, e no conjunto, esses resultados contribuirão para o entendimento dos efeitos dos diferentes parâmetros na forma e nos elementos que compõem a matriz de PRF.Blood Concentrates (BC) such as Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) liquid anticoagulated form and Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF) polymeric form are autologous non-transfusional therapeutical preparations with biological properties applied to tissue regeneration. These BC differ in the way of preparation in fibrin network architecture, growth factors release as well in platelet/cells content. Although, methodological changes can result in distinct matrix that can compromise their clinical effectiveness. This work evaluated the influence of variations in g force, spin time, rotor angle and tubes type in platelet/cells content, morphological organization, time of fibrinolysis, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release, in experimental blood matrices. Blood samples were used to obtain experimental PRF matrices and blood plasma in three centrifuges models with distinct rotors angle 80-2B (45o), EBA200 (33o) and FibrinFuge25 (25o); three g forces (200, 400, and 800 during 10 minutes); three tubes type (EDTA plasma tubes, pure glass and plastic with SiO2). Cell and platelets count were flow cytometry performed using an automatic hematology counter; to morphologic analysis of PRF experimental specimens were performed by macroscopic (MA), light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). For VEGF release a quantitative immunoassay by Cytometric Bead Array (CBA). The platelets count in experimental plasma specimens showed highest concentrations of platelets in supernatant fraction with 200 xg and with 400-800 xg ratio only in buffy coat zone. Macroscopic analysis of PRF matrices showed larger membranes and increase in buffy coat area with reduced angle. LM analysis show more dispersive platelet content with rotor angle reduction and low g force combination in matrices body, as well differences in increase platelet concentrations in buffy coat (800g) and matrix body (200g). SEM analysis reaffirmed the last findings in MO with cross sectional of PRF clot and with increases of 20 to 40,000x enlighten many particularities about the 3D structure of the PRF matrix, fibrinolysis, contamination with fragments of silicon oxide used as a clot activator in plastic tubes and presence of polyhedral erythrocytes in terminal portion of PRF. The results of this study elucidated the structure of the fibrin matrix, the dispersion of the cells and platelets throughout the matrix and the morphological variation suffered by fibrin during the fibrinolysis process, and as a whole, these results will contribute to understand the effects of different parameters in the morphology and components of the PRF matrix

Otitis Media and Internal with Brainstem Extension in a French Bulldog

Background: Otitis is a frequent condition in dogs, with a multifactorial etiology covering primary causes, predisposing and perpetuating factors. It is characterized by an inflammatory process of structures that make up the auditory system, with prevalence data ranging from 15 to 20%, which can occur in any age group and without sex predisposition. According to the location, it can be classified as uni or bilateral, affecting the outer, middle and / or inner ear, the latter two being associated with neurological changes such as vestibulopathy, facial nerve paresis and Horner's syndrome. The morbidity and mortality of otitis media and internal may increase with delay in diagnosis, resulting in delay in the correct treatment, and the extension to brainstem is described in felines and considered rare in dogs. The present study aims to report an atypical case of otitis media and internal, with extension to the brain parenchyma in a brachycephalic dog.Case: A 3-year-old bitch French Bulldog canine was seen, weighing 12 kg, with a history of vomiting, apathy, nystagmus, ataxia and acute evolution hemiparesis. As a result of adoption, it was not known about the animal's morbid past. On special physical and clinical examination, depressed mental status, changes in postural reactions, nostril stenosis with unilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge, corneal ulcer, palpebral and labial ptosis, absence of eyelid reflex and spontaneous strabismus were observed, all of these findings observed on the left side of the face. No signs of otitis external to otoscopy were found. The clinical signs found characterize left facial nerve paresis and peripheral and central vestibulopathy. Otitis media / internal and meningoencephalitis were suspected. Hemogram, serum biochemistry (glucose, urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, total proteins, albumin, globulin, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyltransferase, phosphorus, total bilirubin, cholesterol and total calcium), urinalysis, rapid tests for erlichiosis, anaplasms , borreliosis, heartworm, distemper and leishmaniasis, CSF analysis, neurological panel performed by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) that tested the animal for Bartonellosis, Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi), Blastomyces dermatitidis, Cryptococcus sp., Virus West Nile, Distemper, Toxoplasmosis, Neosporose and Coccidioides sp. using conjunctival swab, whole blood, urine and CSF samples. The samples were negative for all of these tests. As an image exam, brain magnetic resonance was performed. In the latter, otitis media and left internal was observed with extension of the lesion to the brain parenchyma. CSF analysis showed cytological changes compatible with a non-suppurative inflammatory process, mild pleocytosis with predominantly mononuclear leukocyte infiltrate. As a form of treatment, antibiotic therapy and total ablation of the auditory canal with lateral bulectomy were performed, showing good results with reduced clinical symptoms.Discussion: It is concluded that although the diagnosis of otitis media and internal with extension to brainstem is more common in cats, it should be included as a differential for central vestibular disorders in dogs, and that the diagnosis together with early and effective treatment are important, since that the evolution of the infection to the central nervous system represents a risk to the patient.Keywords: vestibulopathy, meningoencephalitis, brachycephalic.Descritores: vestibulopatia, meningoencefalite, braquicefálico.Título: Otite média e interna com extensão para tronco encefálico em cão buldogue francês

MÍDIAS SOCIAIS E RESOLUÇÃO EXTRAJUDICIAL DE LITÍGIOS

A resolução de conflitos, por via da mediação, da conciliação e da arbitragem, são espaços de ação profissional que foge do formalismo processual das heterocomposições. Por isso mesmo, são espaços propensos a comunicações mais diretas, por canais digitais que podem facilmente induzir os operadores do Direito a deslizes éticos. É preciso ter atenção às implicações do uso da tecnologia digital, dos aplicativos, da inteligência artificial sobre a ética e novos valores sociais, no bom exercício profissional do Direito. Vários advogados têm aproveitado as mídias sociais para influenciar seu potencial público via marketing de conteúdo, em especial, para revisão teórica, à análise dos impactos das tecnologias digitais, dos influenciadores digitais, da advocacia 4.0 e dos direitos humanos, as implicações sobre a atividade jurídica influenciada pelo uso das mídias digitais. A literatura especializada mostra que o operador de Direito deve agir com consciência ética acima de tudo. Precisa ressignificar os instrumentos tecnológicos e canais midiáticos que utiliza para efetivamente trazer seu cliente para seus serviços. Apesar da complexidade tecnológica, o uso das redes supera as dificuldades operacionais, mostrando ser um efetivo caminho para a penetração dos serviços dos operadores, nos vários estratos sociais

Perineal Hernia in Dogs

Background: Perineal hernia is a serious disease characterized by weakening or atrophy and separation of the muscles and fasciae of the perineal musculature, followed by the caudal displacement of pelvic and abdominal organs to the perineum region. Treatment is invariably surgical and several approaches have been proposed, but complication and recurrence rates remain high. This study aimed to evaluate 120 cases of perineal hernia treated at the Veterinary Hospital of Uberaba (HVU) from 2005 to 2020, addressing the clinical and surgical aspects and the postoperative period, seeking to identify the most relevant factors to improve care and treatment of future patients affected by this disease.Materials, Methods & Results: The medical records of dogs with a definitive diagnosis of perineal hernia were collected. The prevalence of perineal hernia was calculated. Data were obtained regarding sex, being castrated or not, age, body mass, race, clinical signs, affected side, possibility of hernia reduction, treatments used, associated pathologies. Of the 120 cases, only 69 underwent surgery at the HVU and from these cases data were obtained regarding hernia content, surgical techniques, surgical wires used, recurrences and postoperative complications. Fisher's exact test was applied to assess the influence of the type of surgical treatment and surgical thread on the occurrence of complications and recurrences. Perineal hernia was the second most frequently observed hernia. Mixed breed, male, non-neutered and geriatric dogs were the most affected. The most frequently observed clinical signs were related to the digestive and urinary tract, consistent with the most commonly found hernia contents (bladder, prostate and rectum). The simple herniorrhaphy technique was the most used and showed a high number of complications. The second most used technique was the elevation of the internal shutter, which proved to be more efficient than the simple technique. Regardless of the technique used, the association of two or more techniques proved to be more efficient to reduce major complications. The use of the vaginal tunic stood out because it proved to be efficient in the treatment of perineal hernias regardless of whether it is associated with simple herniorrhaphy or obturator elevation. The surgical fixations of abdominal organs (Bladder, Ducto deferente and Colon) proved to be effective, since there were no recurrences or major complications associated with their use and the most used threads for herniorrhaphy were polyamide and catgut. Low recurrence rates were found in patients who received synthetic yarns. The most frequent complications were suture dehiscence and serous secretion.Discussion: Perineal hernia is a very important alteration due to difficulties in treatment, high rates of complications and recurrence, in addition to the large number of affected dogs. Several surgical techniques have already been proposed for the treatment of perineal hernia in dogs and are based on the reconstruction of the perineal musculature through sutures, muscle flaps, biological membranes, synthetic mesh and the reduction of pressure on the perineum through the surgical fixation of organs abdominals such as colon, vas deferens and bladder (in the musculature of the abdominal wall). It is concluded that the perineal hernia affects mainly male, non-neutered and geriatric dogs, being rare in females. Regardless of the techniques used, the association of two or more techniques is more efficient to reduce the rate of recurrences and complications. The autogenous vaginal tunic is a good option for muscle strengthening in perineal herniorraphies. The use of synthetic surgical wires leads to better results in the treatment of perineal hernia when compared to biological wires

Megaureter gigante por ectopia ureteral intramural em cão

Background: The urinary tract is composed by kidneys, urinary bladder and urethra. The kidneys produce urine that achieve urinary bladder by ureters. These have the origin in the renal pelvis, run through the retroperitoneum, end up at the dorsolateral superficies of the urinary bladder, and empty at the trigone. Ureters abnormalities are the rarest congenital defects in the canine urinary tract and ureteroceles are cystic dilatations of the distal segment of the ureter that could be associated to partial or complete urinary obstructions and could lead to megaureter and hydronephrosis. So, the aim of the present study was to describe a case of megaureter by intramural ureteral ectopia in a bitch. Case: A 1-year-old-and-8-month bitch Akita, weighing 18 kg, was referred to the Uniube Veterinary Hospital with vaginal secretion, prostration, hypodipsia, hyporexia and pyrexia related by the tutor. On physical examination, an increase in vulva volume and a vaginal discharge were observed. Nevertheless, others physical exams, blood count and biochemical tests were considered to be within normal parameters. Urinalysis showed cloudy aspect, proteinuria, occult blood, erythrocytes, pyuria, leucocytes, and discreet presence of bacteria. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a megaureter with right uterocele and excretory urography showed absence of glomerular filtration by right kidney. The patient was submitted to surgery for right kidney and ureter exeresis. Histopathology evaluation showed intense dilation of the ureter and severe multifocal renal fibrosis. The surgery was well succeeded, and the patient recovered completely.  Discussion: Once megaureter are associated with congenital abnormalities like ectopic ureter and ureterocele, it is usually diagnosed in young patients with medium age of 10 months, which is below the age of the patient in this case report. Additionally, in the patient here reported, the unilateral alteration could explain the absence of kidney fail symptoms. In more than 90% of the cases, the ureteral ectopia was associated with multiple anomalies in the urinary tract, as was observed in this patient, that presented besides ectopic ureter, ureterocele, megaureter and renal dystrophy. All these morphological alterations made impossible the complete urine elimination, which predispose to urinary tract infection, that was observed in this report. According to literature, urinary tract anomalies are associated with infection in 64 to 85% and 50% of the cases also present hydronephrosis and hydroureter. It was also described that ureteral ectopia is diagnosed by visualization of hydroureter in abdominal ultrasonography. The findings present in this report differs a little, once the right kidney was atrophic possibly by malformation or even so by a chronic renal lesion due to the difficulty in urine flow. The excretory urography showed no filtration in the right kidney, indicating non-functionality that was confirmed by histopathology, in which was observed small glomerulus and large amount of connective tissue deposition. In cases of unilateral megaureter with ipsilateral kidney commitment, there is indication of nephroureterectomy, that was performed in the patient of the present report. As far as we know, this is the first report of megaureter, ureterocele and ectopia ureteral together in the same patient. In conclusion, the procedure was secure, efficient and promote a better quality of life for the patient and prevent the recurrence of urinary tract infections. Keywords: Urinary system, malformation, nephroureterectomy, surgery, cystitis. Título: Megaureter gigante por ectopia ureteral intramural em cadela. Descritores: Sistema urinário, malformação, nefroureterectomia, cirurgia, cistite. ystitis.O sistema urinário é composto por rins, ureteres, bexiga e uretra. Os rins produzem a urina que chegará à bexiga por meio dos ureteres. Estes têm origem na pelve renal, correm pelo retroperitônio e desembocam na superfície dorsolateral caudal da bexiga e se esvaziam no trígono. Alterações nos ureteres são os defeitos congênitos mais raros do sistema urogenital de cães. Ureteroceles são dilatações císticas do segmento distal do ureter e podem estar associadas a obstruções urinárias parciais ou completas e podem levar ao megaureter e a hidronefrose. O presente estudo tem o objetivo de descrever um caso de megaureter por ectopia ureteral intramural em uma cadela. Caso: Uma cadela Akita, csecreção vaginal, prostração, hipodipsia, hiporexia e pirexia. Ao realizar o exame físico observou-se aumento de volume vulvar, corrimento vaginal. Os parâmetros do exame físico estavam normais. Não foram observadas alterações no hemograma e nem nos exames bioquímicos. Diversas alterações foram observadas na urinalise como aspecto turvo, proteinúria, sangue oculto, eritrócitos, piuria, leucócitos e presença discreta de bactérias. A ultrassonografia abdominal mostrou um megaureter com ureterocele direitos e a urografia excretora mostrou ausência de filtração glomerular no rim direito. O paciente foi submetido cirurgia para exérese do rim ureter direitos. A avaliação histopatológica do rim e ureter direitos mostrou dilatação intensa de ureter e fibrose renal multifocal intensa.O procedimento cirúrgico foi bem-sucedido e o animal se recuperou bem. Discussão: Por estar associado a alterações congênitas como ureter ectópico e ureterocele, o megaureter é diagnosticado em pacientes jovens com idade média de 10 meses, idade inferior ao paciente do presente relato. Adicionalmente, no animal aqui relatado, a alteração unilateral pode explicar  a falta de sinais de falha renal. Mais de 90% dos casos, a ectopia ureteral está associada a múltiplas anomalias do trato urinário, assim como o observado no paciente deste relato, que além do ureter ectópico, apresentava ureterocele, megaureter e atrofia renal. Com todas essas alterações morfológicas que impossibilitavam a eliminação completa da urina, observa-se, como consequência, a predisposição a infecções do trato urinário, o que de fato foi observado. A literatura aponta que anomalias do trato urinário estão associadas com infecção em 64 a 85% dos casos, ainda citaram que cerca de 50% dos casos apresentam hidronefrose e hidroureter.  Foi também descrito que ureteres ectópicos são diagnosticados em decorrência do hidroureter visibilizado na ultrassonografia abdominal. Os achados neste relato diferem um pouco do que foi descrito, visto que o rim direito estava atrofiado, possivelmente em decorrência de uma má formação ou até mesmo de uma lesão renal crônica causada pela dificuldade de escoamento da urina no lado direito, como citado anteriormente. A urografia excretora realizada no paciente do presente relatou evidenciou que não havia filtração no rim direito, indicando afuncionalidade, o que foi confirmado pela avaliação histopatológica, em que foi possível observar glomérulos diminutos e grande quantidade de deposição de tecido conjuntivo fibroso. Em casos de megaureter unilateral com presença de comprometimento grave do rim ipsilateral, há indicação de nefroureterectomia, como foi realizado no paciente deste relato. Até onde se sabe, esse é o primeiro relato de megaureter, ureterocele e ectopia ureteral em um mesmo paciente. Em conclusão, o procedimento executado foi seguro e se mostrou eficiente no tratamento do defeito anatômico congênito, promovendo assim uma melhor qualidade de vida para o paciente e prevenção de recorrência de infecções do trato urinário. Descritores: Sistema urinário; malformação; nefroureterectomia; cirurgia; cistite

Gynecological care for the population of transgender men in Primary Health Care / Atendimento ginecológico à população de homens transgêneros na Atenção Primária à Saúde

Objetivo: avaliar o atendimento ginecológico à população de homens transgêneros sob a ótica de médicos e enfermeiros da atenção primária. Método: estudo transversal e quantitativo, realizado com 36 profissionais de saúde de um município de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Utilizou-se um instrumento contendo questões sobre dados sociodemográficos, formação profissional, conhecimento quanto à temática transgeneridade e sobre os serviços ginecológicos aos homens transgêneros. Resultados: a amostra foi 100,00% de cisgêneros, idade média de 31,89±13,43 anos. Destes, 52,77% nunca atenderam transgêneros. Quanto às consultas ginecológicas aos homens transgêneros, 8,33% não acham necessárias, 74,98% não se sentem plenamente preparados para lidar com essa situação e 19,42% não se sentem plenamente confortáveis de atendê-los. Conclusão: há despreparo e déficit na formação dos profissionais quanto ao atendimento ginecológico aos homens transgêneros, sendo que deveria estar em conformidade com as demandas e direitos que esta população possui.

Gynecological care for the population of transgender men in Primary Health Care / Atendimento ginecológico à população de homens transgêneros na Atenção Primária à Saúde

Objective: to evaluate gynecological care for the population of transgender men from the perspective of doctors and nurses in primary care. Method: cross-sectional and quantitative study, carried out with 36 health professionals from a municipality in Minas Gerais, Brazil. An instrument was used containing questions about sociodemographic data, professional training, knowledge about the transgender theme and about gynecological services for transgender men. Results: the sample was 100.00% cisgender, mean age of 31.89±13.43 years. Of these, 52.77% have never seen transgender. As for gynecological consultations for transgender men, 8.33% do not think they are necessary, 74.98% do not feel fully prepared to deal with this situation and 19.42% do not feel fully comfortable to attend to them. Conclusion: there is unpreparedness and deficit in the training of professionals regarding gynecological care transgender men, and it should be in accordance with the demands and rights that this population has.Objetivo: evaluar la atención ginecológica a la población de hombres transgénero desde la perspectiva de médicos y enfermeros de atención primaria. Método: estudio transversal y cuantitativo, realizado con 36 profesionales de la salud de un municipio de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Se utilizó un instrumento que contenía datos sociodemográficos, formación profesional, conocimientos sobre el tema transgénero y sobre los servicios ginecológicos para hombres transgénero. Resultados: la muestra fue 100,00% cisgénero, edad media de 31,89±13,43 años. De estos, el 52,77% nunca han atendido a personas transgénero. En cuanto a las consultas ginecológicas para hombres transgénero, el 8,33% no cree que sea necesario, el 22,22% no sabe si es necesario, el 74,98% no se siente preparado para afrontar esta situación y el 19,42% no se siente cómodo para atender ellos. Conclusión: existe despreparación y déficit en la formación de profesionales en  la atención ginecológica a hombres transgénero, y debe ser acorde a las demandas y derechos que tiene esta población.Objetivo: avaliar o atendimento ginecológico à população de homens transgêneros sob a ótica de médicos e enfermeiros da atenção primária. Método: estudo transversal e quantitativo, realizado com 36 profissionais de saúde de um município de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Utilizou-se um instrumento contendo questões sobre dados sociodemográficos, formação profissional, conhecimento quanto à temática transgeneridade e sobre os serviços ginecológicos aos homens transgêneros. Resultados: a amostra foi 100,00% de cisgêneros, idade média de 31,89±13,43 anos. Destes, 52,77% nunca atenderam transgêneros. Quanto às consultas ginecológicas aos homens transgêneros, 8,33% não acham necessárias, 74,98% não se sentem plenamente preparados para lidar com essa situação e 19,42% não se sentem plenamente confortáveis de atendê-los. Conclusão: há despreparo e déficit na formação dos profissionais quanto ao atendimento ginecológico aos homens transgêneros, sendo que deveria estar em conformidade com as demandas e direitos que esta população possui.

Hysteropexy in the Treatment of Total Uterine Prolapse in a Brazilian Molosser Bitch

Background: Uterine prolapse is an obstetric emergency because the exposed tissue can present edema, devitalization or even gangrene, depending on the evolution time and on the severity of circulatory changes. Haemorrhage due to the rupture of ovarian or uterine vessels can evolve rapidly to hypovolemic shock. More rarely, secondary thromboembolism to the uterine strangulation can be developed, complication that can also lead to death. This study reports the case of a Brazilian Molosser bitch treated by reducing total uterine prolapse, complemented with hysteropexy, in order to prevent recurrence and maintain its reproductive ability. Case: A 5-year-old Brazilian Molosser bitch was attended presenting double firm and tubular mass protruding through the vulva. The patient gave birth to five live pups, the last two of which needed to be pulled. Two days after parturition, she had abdominal contraction when a mass protruded from the vagina. A total uterine prolapse was diagnosed, since both uterine horns were found exposed and inverted, with exposition of the endometrium and the areas of placental implantation, together with the body of the uterus. The tissue was apparently edematous and lightly parched, with the presence of strange bodies, but without signals of circulatory complications or lacerations that could turn a possible reduction and maintenance of the uterus unfeasible. Due to interest of the tutor in preserving the reproductive ability, an internal reduction via ventral medial celiotomy and the fixation of the uterus in the lateral abdominal wall (hysteropexy) was chosen in order to diminish the possibility of relapse in future parturition.Discussion: The definitive treatment of the uterine prolapse can be realized through ovariohysterectomy when the exposed uterine tissue is highly compromised or there is vessel rupture or no reproductive purpose for the female. The amputation of everted tissue through the vulva is also an option, but the risk of intracavitary bleeding during tissue resection must be considered when the uterine and ovarian artery and vein escape to the interior of the abdomen without according hemostasis. In cases which there are no complications of the prolapsed tissue and is desired to maintain the reproductive ability of the female, the internal reduction with hysteropexy is recommended. As the etiology of the uterine prolapse is a condition bound to several factors, in between them multiple pregnancies, relaxation of the uterine ligaments and genetic factors, conditions which can be associated to the cause of the prolapse in the mentioned patient, the hysteropexy was preferred as a complementary technique to uterine preservation and prevention of the prolapse relapse in a possible new parturition. In this case, the reduction of prolapse followed by hysteropexy was preferred, because the female dog was apparently well, without signs of complication of the prolapsed tissue and with satisfactory preoperative evaluation. Adding these to the request of the tutor in maintaining the reproductive ability of the female, since the procedure would not pose as a life risk to it. The absence of severe lacerations and circulatory complications in the prolapsed uterus of the bitch under study and the non-detection of toxemia and septicemia corroborated to the reduction and preservation of the uterus. Even though the uterine prolapse is a rare disease, it is necessary to improve surgical techniques that enable the conservation of the female dog in reproduction. In situations of viability of the prolapsed tissue, the technique of hysteropexy in abdominal wall showed itself effective, concluding that hysteropexy is feasible and efficient as a complementary procedure to the reduction of uterine prolapse, having contributed to avoid relapse and maintaining the reproductive of the subject related in this article

Ethylene Biosynthesis Inhibitors on the Quality of the Coffee Beverage and Efficiency of the Mechanical Harvest

The aim of the project is to evaluate the efficiency of the product based in Ethephonin® the standartization of the maturation of the fruits, in an answer of the mechanical harvest and the quality of the coffee beverage. The study was conducted at Aruã Farm, in Piumhi, Southwest of Brazil. The plants used in the research are from Coffea arábica L, planted in 2005, in the space of 3.2m x 0.60m. The experimental design adopted had randomized blocks with four treatments: T1 – Ethephon® (130ml/100ml water), T2 – controlling treatment, T3 – Ethephon® plus pH reductor (130ml plus 40ml/100 L water), T4 – Ethephon® plus bioprotector (130 ml plus 285.71 gr/100 L water) and 4 repetitions, totalizing, 16 parcels. To determine the percentual of the leaves fall of the coffee trees, four scores of the leaves: before applying the product, 15 days after applying, before and after the mechanical harvest. The harvest started when, the maturation of the beans got the following levels: T1 – 89.79% of cherry fruits, T2 – 72.98% of fruits, T – 86.02% of cherry fruits, T4 86.63% of cherry fruits. After the harvest the beans were taken to testes, of the region. The product Ethephon influenced in the maturation of the coffee fruits, increasing the efficiency of the mechanical harvest, reducing the volume (percentual) of the pass through. The product didn’t influence the defoliation of the plants. There was no interference among the treatments to taste the beverages and the samples ranking