ASPECTOS DO COMPORTAMENTO DO BUGIO Alouatta fusca (PRIMATES, CEBIDAE) NO PARQUE ESTADUAL DA CANTAREIRA (SÃO PAULO)

Entre julho e novembro de 1991, foram observados grupos de bugios (Alouatta fusca), no Parque Estadual da Cantareira, São Paulo, Brasil, de forma qualitativa e através do método de amostragem por varredura. Descanso, locomoção e alimentação responderam por 96,7 % da frequência global de comportamentos, sendo que apenas o descanso correspondeu a 59,5 %. O PICO de descanso se dava nas horas médias do dia, enquanto que a atividade, particularmente a alimentação, tinha picos matutinos e vespertinos. Na dieta dos bugios predominou o consumo de folhas, principalmente as maduras, seguido pelo de botões foliares e pelo de frutos. Predominou o uso de extratos arb6reos inferiores a 12 m, uma provável decorrência da baixa estatura da mata. Apenas 1,5 % dos comportamentos registrados em A fusca foram interações sociais. A taxa de catação foi similar à registrada em A seniculus e superior à observada em A palliata Não houve registro de agressão na amostragem sistemática, mas foi possível descrever, ad lib., um episódio agonístico entre dois machos do mesmo grupo. A emissão de rugidos foi observada em alguns encontros intergrupais; outros encontros aparentemente resultavam em tolerância mútua

Influência dos processos de recuperação do solo após mineração de carvão sobre a mesofauna edáfica em Lauro Müller, Santa Catarina, Brasil

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2014v27n2p69 A degradação do solo devido às atividades antrópicas reduz a densidade e diversidade da fauna edáfica, além de influenciar no processo de decomposição da matéria orgânica. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da recuperação do solo após a mineração de carvão sobre os grupos da fauna edáfica ao longo do tempo, usando a mata como controle na região de Lauro Müller-SC. Foram utilizadas três áreas antropizadas, duas que passaram por processo de construção do solo após a mineração de carvão (Mina A3 e Mina A5), uma de campo naturalizado e mata nativa usada como controle. A fauna do solo foi coletada utilizando-se um cilindro metálico de 17 cm de diâmetro, com profundidade de 5 cm, e a extração realizada pelo método de Berlese modificado, seguido da identificação dos organismos. A densidade e a riqueza de grupos foram submetidas à análise de variância. Também se realizou uma análise multivariada dos dados para diferenciação das áreas por meio da análise de curva de resposta principal (PRC). No total foram encontrados 19 táxons, sendo que Acari, Collembola e Formicidae apresentaram as maiores densidades. A PRC evidenciou diferenças entre a mata nativa e pelo menos uma das áreas estudadas em todas as épocas

Edaphic fauna affects soybean productivity under no-till system

This study aimed to evaluate the relationship of edaphic fauna under a no-tillage system with different levels of soybean productivity [High (NTH), Medium (NTM) and Low (NTL)] in the west of Santa Catarina (Brazil), identifying which chemical and physical variables most affect them, and the best indicators that can be used. Native forest (NF) areas were used as a reference. A total of 207 samples of soil fauna were collected by soil monolith and pitfall trap methods over two years of evaluation in four municipalities. Based on edaphic fauna data, Shannon-Wiener (H’), Pielou (J), Dominance (D), Margalef and Fisher Alpha (α) indices were generated, in addition to the average richness and abundance. Data from NTs were submitted to analysis of variance and compared by Tukey’s test (p > 0.05). The NF was used as a reference and compared with the agriculture system by Dunnett test (p > 0.05), and regressions between soybean productivity and diversity indices. The H’, Margalef, α indices, and average richness for soil fauna sampled by soil monoliths followed the productivity gradient NTH > NTM > NTL, showing a positive correlation with the increase of soybean productivity. NTH has a diversity index similar to that of NF. Soybean productivity is affected by the richness and diversity of edaphic fauna, but abundance was not sensitive in predicting treatments under no-tillage; Fisher’s alpha index was more sensitive in treatment separation with soil monoliths. The environmental variables aluminum, organic matter, phosphorus, potassium and penetration resistance affect the fauna edaphic

Mesofauna de solo construído em área de mineração de carvão

The objective was to evaluate the presence of meso-fauna soil in constructed soil after open pit coal mining in the Lauro Müller region, SC, Brazil. An experimental area of the Mina do Apertado and two reference areas (naturalized field and native forest) were used. The meso-fauna was collected using a 17 cm diameter metal cylinder, at 5 cm depth, and the extraction was performed by using the modified Berlese method, followed by the identification of organisms. The soil fauna was assessed by individual density and richness of groups and submitted to variance analysis and multivariate analysis of the data by correspondence analysis. A total of 19 taxa were found, and Acari, Collembola and Formicidae showed higher densities. The correspondence analysis showed a clear separation of anthropogenic sites (Mina do Apertado and naturalized field) from the reference area (native forest). Mina do Apertado recovery model groups showed similar reference to the native forest, satisfying the ecosystem services provided by them, promoting a suitable environment for groups of mesofaunal soil.O objetivo foi avaliar a presença da mesofauna edáfica em solos construídos após a mineração de carvão a céu aberto na região de Lauro Müller, SC, Brasil. Utilizou-se a área experimental da Mina do Apertado e duas áreas de referência (campo naturalizado e mata nativa). A fauna do solo foi coletada utilizando-se de um cilindro metálico de 17 cm de diâmetro, na profundidade de 5 cm, e a extração foi realizada pelo método de Berlese modificado, seguido da identificação dos organismos. A mesofauna foi avaliada pela densidade de indivíduos e riqueza de grupos submetidos à análise de variância e análise multivariada dos dados através da análise de correspondência. Ao total foram encontrados 19 táxons, sendo que Acari, Collembola e Formicidae apresentaram as maiores densidades. A análise de correspondência evidenciou clara separação dos locais antropizados (Mina do Apertado e campo naturalizado) da área de referência (mata nativa). Os modelos de recuperação da Mina do Apertado apresentaram grupos semelhantes à referência mata nativa, satisfazendo os serviços do ecossistema prestados por eles, promovendo um ambiente adequado para os grupos da mesofauna edáfica

FOREST SYSTEMS, SOIL FAUNA, AND SOIL FEATURES: HOW FIELD MANAGEMENT CHANGE THIS RELATIONSHIP?

The objective of this study was to identify differences in land use systems and forest management on the diversity of soil fauna and Collembola eco-morphotypes, and their relationship with physical-chemical attributes of the soil. Sampling was carried out in Native Forest (NF), Araucaria Reforestation (AR) and Eucalyptus (ER). In all, 19 taxonomic groups were identified, of which Formicidae and Collembola were the most abundant, in addition to 21 morphotypes of springtail. For TSBF, AR presented the highest abundance and NF the highest values of wealth and diversity of groups. Potassium and magnesium contents, total porosity, pore volume, penetration resistance (Rpen), organic matter, and pH were the environmental variables that contributed to explain the distribution of the soil fauna. In pitfalls traps, ER showed the greatest abundance, NF the greatest richness and AR the greatest diversity. Rpen and soil moisture contributed to explain the distribution of soil fauna. NF provided greater abundance, diversity, and richness of Collembola eco-morphotypes and biopores, macropores, clay, manganese and copper levels affected the community structure. Different forest systems affect the structure of the soil community, showing improvement in biological indicators in the Native Forest areas, Araucaria, and Eucalyptus Reforestation, under the influence of physical and chemical attributes

Soil spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) in native and reforested Araucaria forests

Spiders are part of the soil biodiversity, considered fundamental to the food chain hierarchy, directly and indirectly influencing several services in agricultural and forest ecosystems. The present study aimed to evaluate the biodiversity of soil spider families and identify which soil properties influence their presence, as well as proposing families as potential bioindicators. Native forest (NF) and reforested sites (RF) with Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze were evaluated in three regions of the state São Paulo, both in the winter and summer. Fifteen soil samples were collected from each forest to evaluate the biological (spiders and microbiological), chemical and physical soil properties, in addition to properties of the litter (dry matter and C, N and S contents). For soil spiders, two sampling methods were used: pitfall traps and soil monoliths. In total, 591 individuals were collected, and distributed in 30 families, of which 306 individuals (22 families) came from pitfall traps and 285 individuals (26 families) from monoliths. Only samples obtained by the monolith method revealed seasonal differences in the mean density and richness of spiders between NF and RF. Canonical discriminant analysis showed the separation of these forests of Araucaria. Principal Component Analysis demonstrated the correlation of a number of spider families with certain soil properties (organic carbon, basal respiration, metabolic quotient, litter carbon, total porosity, bulk density and soil moisture). We identified 10 families (Anapidae, Corinnidae, Dipluridae, Hahniidae, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Nemesiidae, Palpimanidae, Salticidae, Scytodidae) that contributed most to separating native forest from the replanted forest, indicating the possibility of the spiders being used as bioindicators

Ecotoxicology as a tool for soil sustainability: Agrochemicals and Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in Brazil / A ecotoxicologia como ferramenta de sustentabilidade do solo:Agroquímicos e produtos farmacêuticos veterinários no Brasil

Brazil is considered the world's granary, as consequence there is the use of the use of some agricultural inputs as agrochemicals and veterinary pharmaceuticals. These compounds may represent a risk to the environment and so to the soil. This review presents an overview of the scientific research on agrochemicals and veterinary pharmaceuticals products conducted in Brazil, especially regarding to soil ecotoxicology as a tool for soil conservation. Currently there are 3149 documents available in the Scopus Database using the keywords “soil ecotoxicology” where Brazil represents around 4%. Concerning the publications on soil ecotoxicology in Latin America Brazil has been publishing the most. Regarding the agrochemicals, Brazil is ranking the 8th place with 69 documents of 1190. About the veterinary pharmaceuticals, Brazil is ranking the 11th place, where the 1st publication was 21 years after the 1st paper published from Denmark. Anyway, the Brazilian Network of Terrestrial Ecotoxicology now a days consists of almost 292 people twice bigger than was in 2016, they are mostly situated in South and Southern of Brazil. Agriculture and livestock farming intensification increase the use of pesticides and veterinary pharmaceuticals in Brazilian soils, so they are gaining relevance in the studies due the extent to which they are practiced. Therefore, it should be the major environmental concerns for researchers and the governmental.