Translation and Translanguaging Pedagogies in Intercomprehension and Multilingual Teaching

Since 2007, California State University, Long Beach has developed and offered courses that highlight students’ pre-existing linguistic repertoires in English and in the Romance languages. These courses are unique in that they build upon a multilingual base for the acquisition of new languages through the method of intercomprehension. As an approach that moves among languages, Intercomprehension places learners in conditions that are conducive to translanguaging and translation. This paper discusses the role of translation and translanguaging in Intercomprehension as a pedagogical approach in these courses. Since our students are constantly moving between English and one or more Romance language(s), they actively bring the other Romance languages they are learning into the translingual repertoire they already practice through the multilingual learning strategies deployed in intercomprehension. Depuis 2007, California State University, Long Beach développe et offre des cours qui mettent en avant le répertoire linguistique préexistant des étudiants en anglais et en langues romanes. Ces cours sont uniques, car ils s’appuient sur un répertoire multilingue pour permettre l’acquisition de nouvelles langues à travers la méthode d’intercompréhension. L’intercompréhension, approche transcendant les barrières entre les langues, offre aux apprenants un contexte propice au translanguaging et à la traduction. Cet article discute du rôle de la traduction et du translanguaging dans l’intercompréhension. Étant donné que nos étudiants naviguent constamment entre l’anglais et une (ou, des) langue(s) romanes(s), ils font ainsi entrer de manière active les tierces langues romanes en cours d’apprentissage dans le répertoire translangagier qu’ils utilisent déjà par le biais des stratégies intercompréhensives

Genetic effects on gene expression across human tissues

Characterization of the molecular function of the human genome and its variation across individuals is essential for identifying the cellular mechanisms that underlie human genetic traits and diseases. The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project aims to characterize variation in gene expression levels across individuals and diverse tissues of the human body, many of which are not easily accessible. Here we describe genetic effects on gene expression levels across 44 human tissues. We find that local genetic variation affects gene expression levels for the majority of genes, and we further identify inter-chromosomal genetic effects for 93 genes and 112 loci. On the basis of the identified genetic effects, we characterize patterns of tissue specificity, compare local and distal effects, and evaluate the functional properties of the genetic effects. We also demonstrate that multi-tissue, multi-individual data can be used to identify genes and pathways affected by human disease-associated variation, enabling a mechanistic interpretation of gene regulation and the genetic basis of diseas

Genetic effects on gene expression across human tissues

Characterization of the molecular function of the human genome and its variation across individuals is essential for identifying the cellular mechanisms that underlie human genetic traits and diseases. The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project aims to characterize variation in gene expression levels across individuals and diverse tissues of the human body, many of which are not easily accessible. Here we describe genetic effects on gene expression levels across 44 human tissues. We find that local genetic variation affects gene expression levels for the majority of genes, and we further identify inter-chromosomal genetic effects for 93 genes and 112 loci. On the basis of the identified genetic effects, we characterize patterns of tissue specificity, compare local and distal effects, and evaluate the functional properties of the genetic effects. We also demonstrate that multi-tissue, multi-individual data can be used to identify genes and pathways affected by human disease-associated variation, enabling a mechanistic interpretation of gene regulation and the genetic basis of disease

Minority languages and their evolutions with and within people (the case of the corsican language in the romance-speaking world)

Il était une langue bien souvent pris à part par des considérations linguistiquement injustes, le corse fut historiquement transformé en en patois, de plus la langue dut faire face à différentes tentatives d annihilation depuis plus de deux siècles. Cette situation linguistique défavorable est due à divers facteurs tels que la perte de la protection qui fut un temps apportée par le monde Italophone, l entreprise d une rude politique linguistique favorisant l unité monolingue Française, les préférences sociopolitiques langagières dépendantes du contexte géographique et historique dans lequel le corse de retrouva englobé, qui favorisèrent tous son développement comme élément low d une situation diglossique qui ne sera pas améliorée par les effets du temps, un usage décroissant, ainsi que par le nonenseignement de la langue. Dans une époque où de multiples capacités linguistiques sont considérées comme une porte d accès vers l Union Européenne, et a fortiori vers le monde, nous tacherons de démontrer la position de choix que porte la langue corse dans l entreprise d élaboration de l intercompréhension et/ou du plurilinguisme. La recherche porte essentiellement sur les positions de la langue dans le monde qui l entoure, sur ses relations (que nous définirons come Intermovements et Intramovements ), ainsi que la perception que ses utilisateurs ont des dites positions. Des premières traces de langues, en passant par la romanisation jusqu au déchirement provoqué par le glissement de l italien au français, nous montrerons sa position d encrage dans le monde roman ainsi que la détérioration de son statut due au changement de langue référentielle. Viendra ensuite la position de la langue dans l éducation insulaire qui est représentative des capacités d échange avec le monde roman, ce qui pourrait faire du corse une langue d ouverture vers le monde pour les futurs corsophones. Finalement, la question de l utilisation de la langue au travers des pratiques d intercompréhension et de plurilinguisme, pour laquelle nous nous devons de définir si elle est une qualité innée propre à l individu bilingue.Once upon a language as part of the unfair circumstances that are brought upon a language, Corsican was very often mistaken as a patois. Over the past century it had to resist varied attempts designed to eliminate it. This unfortunate situation was due to converging factors such as; the disappearance of an advantageous cocoon offered by the Italian world, the development of French monolingual language policy, sociopolitical language preferences inherent to a language in a low position in a diglossic system which resulted in the lowering of the user s perception of the language s status; and the amplification of these factors by the devastating effects of time, decreased usage, and the exclusion of Corsican from the domain of education.In a time where multiple language skills are regarded as a key skill to access the European Union and subsequently the world, Corsican has the potential to occupy a privileged position if its perception manages to shift from mere dialect to a tool for intercomprehension and plurilinguism.This research explores the positions of the Corsican language in its local and global contexts and the relationship (which we will define as Intramovements and Intermovements) and perception that Corsican speakers have of these positions. The study traces the early emergence of language on the island, to the arrival of Latin, to the slow and then abrupt shift from being ensconced in the Italian world to being the object of oppressive French linguistic policy, which resulted in deterioration in status. At the same time, the historical survey demonstrates how Corsican has always been anchored as a language in the romance world. The research then turns to the position of the Corsican language in the contemporary education system and how it has the potential to serve as a bridge to the romance language world and to become a language representing Corsican openmindedness in the future. Finally, the thesis raises the question of whether the practice of the Corsican language by the islanders is a natural element in the bilingual toolkit for intercomprehension with other romance languages, especially Italian. We will see that Italy, its language and culture, have acquired a special status in the eye of the islanders, sometimes loved for the strength it represents and sometimes loathed due to fear of a process labeled Gabbanization.CORTE-BU (200962101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Juntos: Italian for Speakers of English and Spanish

Juntos: Italian for Speakers of English and Spanish, Third Edition, is the first comprehensive textbook for the teaching of Italian to students who already possess knowledge of Spanish, whether as L1 Spanish speakers, heritage speakers, or L2 Spanish learners. Suitable for students at the high school and college levels, Juntos is also the first textbook to cultivate interlinguistic awareness through intercomprehension, developing bridges that foster the recognition and use of students’ bilingual repertoire as a tool for learning Italian and acquiring other Romance languages

Dynamic landscape and regulation of RNA editing in mammals

Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing is a conserved post-transcriptional mechanism mediated by ADAR enzymes that diversifies the transcriptome by altering selected nucleotides in RNA molecules1. Although many editing sites have recently been discovered2,3,4,5,6,7, the extent to which most sites are edited and how the editing is regulated in different biological contexts are not fully understood8,9,10. Here we report dynamic spatiotemporal patterns and new regulators of RNA editing, discovered through an extensive profiling of A-to-I RNA editing in 8,551 human samples (representing 53 body sites from 552 individuals) from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project and in hundreds of other primate and mouse samples. We show that editing levels in non-repetitive coding regions vary more between tissues than editing levels in repetitive regions. Globally, ADAR1 is the primary editor of repetitive sites and ADAR2 is the primary editor of non-repetitive coding sites, whereas the catalytically inactive ADAR3 predominantly acts as an inhibitor of editing. Cross-species analysis of RNA editing in several tissues revealed that species, rather than tissue type, is the primary determinant of editing levels, suggesting stronger cis-directed regulation of RNA editing for most sites, although the small set of conserved coding sites is under stronger trans-regulation. In addition, we curated an extensive set of ADAR1 and ADAR2 targets and showed that many editing sites display distinct tissue-specific regulation by the ADAR enzymes in vivo. Further analysis of the GTEx data revealed several potential regulators of editing, such as AIMP2, which reduces editing in muscles by enhancing the degradation of the ADAR proteins. Collectively, our work provides insights into the complex cis- and trans-regulation of A-to-I editing

Exploring the phenotypic consequences of tissue specific gene expression variation inferred from GWAS summary statistics

Scalable, integrative methods to understand mechanisms that link genetic variants with phenotypes are needed. Here we derive a mathematical expression to compute PrediXcan (a gene mapping approach) results using summary data (S-PrediXcan) and show its accuracy and general robustness to misspecified reference sets. We apply this framework to 44 GTEx tissues and 100+ phenotypes from GWAS and meta-analysis studies, creating a growing public catalog of associations that seeks to capture the effects of gene expression variation on human phenotypes. Replication in an independent cohort is shown. Most of the associations are tissue specific, suggesting context specificity of the trait etiology. Colocalized significant associations in unexpected tissues underscore the need for an agnostic scanning of multiple contexts to improve our ability to detect causal regulatory mechanisms. Monogenic disease genes are enriched among significant associations for related traits, suggesting that smaller alterations of these genes may cause a spectrum of milder phenotypes

Genetic effects on gene expression across human tissues

Characterization of the molecular function of the human genome and its variation across individuals is essential for identifying the cellular mechanisms that underlie human genetic traits and diseases. The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project aims to characterize variation in gene expression levels across individuals and diverse tissues of the human body, many of which are not easily accessible. Here we describe genetic effects on gene expression levels across 44 human tissues. We find that local genetic variation affects gene expression levels for the majority of genes, and we further identify inter-chromosomal genetic effects for 93 genes and 112 loci. On the basis of the identified genetic effects, we characterize patterns of tissue specificity, compare local and distal effects, and evaluate the functional properties of the genetic effects. We also demonstrate that multi-tissue, multi-individual data can be used to identify genes and pathways affected by human disease-associated variation, enabling a mechanistic interpretation of gene regulation and the genetic basis of disease.Y

The LHCb upgrade I

International audienceThe LHCb upgrade represents a major change of the experiment. The detectors have been almost completely renewed to allow running at an instantaneous luminosity five times larger than that of the previous running periods. Readout of all detectors into an all-software trigger is central to the new design, facilitating the reconstruction of events at the maximum LHC interaction rate, and their selection in real time. The experiment's tracking system has been completely upgraded with a new pixel vertex detector, a silicon tracker upstream of the dipole magnet and three scintillating fibre tracking stations downstream of the magnet. The whole photon detection system of the RICH detectors has been renewed and the readout electronics of the calorimeter and muon systems have been fully overhauled. The first stage of the all-software trigger is implemented on a GPU farm. The output of the trigger provides a combination of totally reconstructed physics objects, such as tracks and vertices, ready for final analysis, and of entire events which need further offline reprocessing. This scheme required a complete revision of the computing model and rewriting of the experiment's software

The LHCb upgrade I

International audienceThe LHCb upgrade represents a major change of the experiment. The detectors have been almost completely renewed to allow running at an instantaneous luminosity five times larger than that of the previous running periods. Readout of all detectors into an all-software trigger is central to the new design, facilitating the reconstruction of events at the maximum LHC interaction rate, and their selection in real time. The experiment's tracking system has been completely upgraded with a new pixel vertex detector, a silicon tracker upstream of the dipole magnet and three scintillating fibre tracking stations downstream of the magnet. The whole photon detection system of the RICH detectors has been renewed and the readout electronics of the calorimeter and muon systems have been fully overhauled. The first stage of the all-software trigger is implemented on a GPU farm. The output of the trigger provides a combination of totally reconstructed physics objects, such as tracks and vertices, ready for final analysis, and of entire events which need further offline reprocessing. This scheme required a complete revision of the computing model and rewriting of the experiment's software