8,432 research outputs found
Non-equilibrium effects in steady relativistic winds
We consider an ultra-relativistic wind consisting of electron-positron pairs
and photons with the principal goal of finding the asymptotic Lorentz factor
for zero baryon number. The wind is assumed to originate at
radius where it has a Lorentz factor and a temperature
sufficiently high to maintain pair equilibrium. As increases, decreases
and becomes less than the temperature corresponding to the electron mass ,
after which non-equilibrium effects become important. Further out in the flow
the optical depth drops below one, but the pairs may still be
accelerated by the photons until falls below . Radiative transfer calculations show that only at this point
do the radiation flux and pressure start to deviate significantly from their
blackbody values. The acceleration of the pairs increases by a factor
as compared to its value at the photosphere; it is shown to approach
\gamma_{\infty} \sim 1.4\times 10^3 (r_i/10^6\mbox{cm})^{1/4} \gamma_{i}^{3/4}
T_i/m_e.Comment: 41 pages, 9 figures. Submitted to MNRA
Calculation of the Anisotropic Coefficients of Thermal Expansion: A First-Principles Approach
Predictions of the anisotropic coefficients of thermal expansion are needed
to not only compare to experimental measurement, but also as input for
macroscopic modeling of devices which operate over a large temperature range.
While most current methods are limited to isotropic systems within the
quasiharmonic approximation, our method uses first-principles calculations and
includes anharmonic effects to determine the temperature-dependent properties
of materials. These include the lattice parameters, anisotropic coefficients of
thermal expansion, isothermal bulk modulus, and specific heat at constant
pressure. Our method has been tested on two compounds (Cu and AlN) and predicts
thermal properties which compare favorably to experimental measurement over a
wide temperature range.Comment: 8 pages, 9 figures, 1 tabl
No changes in serum enterolactone levels after long term intake of rye bran products in healthy young males 2005
X-ray Lines from Dark Matter: The Good, The Bad, and The Unlikely
We consider three classes of dark matter (DM) models to account for the
recently observed 3.5 keV line: metastable excited state DM, annihilating DM,
and decaying DM. We study two examples of metastable excited state DM. The
first, millicharged composite DM, has both inelasticity and photon emission
built in, but with a very constrained parameter space. In the second example,
up-scattering and decay come from separate sectors and is thus less
constrained. The decay of the excited state can potentially be detectable at
direct detection experiments. However we find that CMB constraints are at the
border of excluding this as an interpretation of the DAMA signal. The
annihilating DM interpretation of the X-ray line is found to be in tension with
CMB constraints. Lastly, a generalized version of decaying DM can account for
the data with a lifetime exceeding the age of the Universe for masses GeV.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures; updated to match JCAP published versio
Fully-Automatic Multiresolution Idealization for Filtered Ion Channel Recordings: Flickering Event Detection
We propose a new model-free segmentation method, JULES, which combines recent
statistical multiresolution techniques with local deconvolution for
idealization of ion channel recordings. The multiresolution criterion takes
into account scales down to the sampling rate enabling the detection of
flickering events, i.e., events on small temporal scales, even below the filter
frequency. For such small scales the deconvolution step allows for a precise
determination of dwell times and, in particular, of amplitude levels, a task
which is not possible with common thresholding methods. This is confirmed
theoretically and in a comprehensive simulation study. In addition, JULES can
be applied as a preprocessing method for a refined hidden Markov analysis. Our
new methodolodgy allows us to show that gramicidin A flickering events have the
same amplitude as the slow gating events. JULES is available as an R function
jules in the package clampSeg
Maximizing the quality factor to mode volume ratio for ultra-small photonic crystal cavities
Small manufacturing-tolerant photonic crystal cavities are systematically
designed using topology optimization to enhance the ratio between quality
factor and mode volume, Q/V. For relaxed manufacturing tolerance, a cavity with
bow-tie shape is obtained which confines light beyond the diffraction limit
into a deep-subwavelength volume. Imposition of a small manufacturing tolerance
still results in efficient designs, however, with diffraction-limited
confinement. Inspired by numerical results, an elliptic ring grating cavity
concept is extracted via geometric fitting. Numerical evaluations demonstrate
that for small sizes, topology-optimized cavities enhance the Q/V-ratio by up
to two orders of magnitude relative to standard L1 cavities and more than one
order of magnitude relative to shape-optimized L1 cavities. An increase in
cavity size can enhance the Q/V-ratio by an increase of the Q-factor without
significant increase of V. Comparison between optimized and reference cavities
illustrates that significant reduction of V requires big topological changes in
the cavity
Wigner flow reveals topological order in quantum phase space dynamics
The behaviour of classical mechanical systems is characterised by their phase
portraits, the collections of their trajectories. Heisenberg's uncertainty
principle precludes the existence of sharply defined trajectories, which is why
traditionally only the time evolution of wave functions is studied in quantum
dynamics. These studies are quite insensitive to the underlying structure of
quantum phase space dynamics. We identify the flow that is the quantum analog
of classical particle flow along phase portrait lines. It reveals hidden
features of quantum dynamics and extra complexity. Being constrained by
conserved flow winding numbers, it also reveals fundamental topological order
in quantum dynamics that has so far gone unnoticed.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figure
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