An Investigation of the Basis of the Strength-Based Criterion-Shift

In recognition memory, participants often fail to change their criterion for making a “studied” response from one trial to the next based on learning strength, even when they are given obvious cues to identify each test item as studied often (“strong”) or studied a single time (“weak”) (e.g., Stretch & Wixted, 1998). In three experiments we tested the hypothesis that participants produce robust item-by-item shifts only when responding did not involve significant response interference (Simon, Acosta, Mewaldt, & Speidel, 1976). In our three experiments, participants studied lists of words studied once (weak) or five times (strong). In Experiment 1, both strong and weak words appeared at test under the questions “Was this studied at all?” or “Was this studied five times?” Participants were randomly assigned to conditions using two keys to respond “yes” or “no”, or using four keys with one set of “yes” and “no” per question. Four-key participants were expected to shift their criteria while 2-key participants could not due to response interference, though results showed that both conditions were capable of criterion-shifting. In Experiment 2 test items appeared on either the left or the right side of the screen; only strong words appeared on the right and only weak words on the left. Participants went through one study-test cycle with four response keys, and one with two. Regardless of the testing conditions, participants did not shift their criteria in the 2-key condition while participants in the 4-key condition did shift their criteria. Finally, Experiment 3 fully crossed 2 or 4 key conditions with blocked or unblocked presentation of test items. Previous experiments have found both number of response keys and blocking of presentations to have an effect on ability to criterion-shift (Hicks & Starns, 2014; Starns & Olchowski, submitted; Verde & Rotello, 2007). Experiment 3 confirmed that number of response keys has a significant effect on criterion-shifting and that it is separate from any effect of blocking. All three experiments suggest that response interference is not the driving force behind criterion-shifting. A new explanation is proposed

Kryzys ukraiński – wyzwanie dla NATO

The paper focuses on the Ukraine crisis as a decision making dilemma challenging NATO’s cohesion and reliability. The challenge is determined both by internal (divergence of interests among the member states) and external factors (Russia’s policy aiming at regaining superpower status by i.a. breaking the West’s unity). In this view Ukraine is for Russia an instrument in a geopolitical game against the West, while for NATO it is a risk factor that demands strategic and long-term decisions.Artykuł poświęcony jest analizie kryzysu ukraińskiego jako dylematu decyzyjnego, który stanowi wyzwanie dla spójności i wiarygodności NATO. Wyzwanie to warunkowane jest zarówno czynnikami wewnętrznymi (rozbieżność interesów wśród państw członkowskich sojuszu), jak i zewnętrznymi (polityka Rosji, zmierzająca do odzyskania roli mocarstwowej poprzez, między innymi, rozbicie jedności Zachodu). W tym ujęciu Ukraina służy Rosji jako instrument rozgrywki geopolitycznej z Zachodem, dla NATO zaś jest obszarem ryzyka, wymagającym podejmowania strategicznych decyzji

ENERGETYKA JĄDROWA W KONTEKŚCIE BEZPIECZEŃSTWA ENERGETYCZNEGO POLSKI

Energy security is currently one of the vital components of state security. Stable and secure access to energy and energy resources determines the international position of a state as well as its development and internal security. This paper focuses on factors of Poland’s energy security, especially on possibilities for nuclear power usage. The paper concentrates on the legal and social aspects of nuclear energy development in Poland.Bezpieczeństwo energetyczne jest obecnie jednym z podstawowych elementów szeroko rozumianego bezpieczeństwa państwa. Stały i bezpieczny dostęp do energii oraz do surowców energetycznych warunkuje pozycję państwa na arenie międzynarodowej, ale przede wszystkim jego rozwój i bezpieczeństwo wewnętrzne. W tym kontekście, artykuł koncentruje się na uwarunkowaniach bezpieczeństwa energetycznego Polski, a w szczególności na możliwościach wykorzystania energii jądrowej. Analizie poddano głównie aspekt prawny i społeczny perspektyw rozwoju energetyki jądrowej w Polsce

XR workflows in film production : demonstration for educational purposes

The use of the XR production technologies has expanded recently in the film industry and heavily influenced the film production process. This paper aims therefore to explore the differences between diverse XR production workflows. The analysis provides criteria for workflow paths of traditional approach to film production and XR production flow, including workflow structure, skills, education, and equipment. Defined XR techniques are discussed for educational purposes. Its illustrations are three case studies of cinematic VR production, computer-generated VR production and Virtual Production. They are the basis for workflow comparison and discussion on artistic decisions and production challenges for film related Higher Education Institutions (HEI) students and scholars

Spin-Splitter Studies: Polarization Stability Measurements at IUCF

This research was sponsored by the National Science Foundation Grant NSF PHY-931478

The added impact of parenting education in early childhood education programs: A meta-analysis

Many early childhood education (ECE) programs seek to enhance parents’ capacities to support their children's development. Using a meta-analytic database of 46 studies of ECE programs that served children age three to five-years-old, we examine the benefits to children's cognitive and pre-academic skills of adding parenting education to ECE programs for children and consider the differential impacts of: 1) parenting education programs of any type; 2) parenting education programs that provided parents with modeling of or opportunities to practice stimulating behaviors and 3) parenting education programs that were delivered through intensive home visiting. The results of the study call into question some general longstanding assertions regarding the benefits of including parenting education in early childhood programs. We find no differences in program impacts between ECE programs that did and did not provide some form of parenting education. We find some suggestive evidence that among ECE programs that provided parenting education, those that provided parents with opportunities to practice parenting skills were associated with greater short-term impacts on children's pre-academic skills. Among ECE programs that provided parenting education, those that did so through one or more home visits a month yielded effect sizes for cognitive outcomes that were significantly larger than programs that provided lower dosages of home visits

Kryzys ukraiński – wyzwanie dla NATO

The paper focuses on the Ukraine crisis as a decision making dilemma challenging NATO’s cohesion and reliability. The challenge is determined both by internal (divergence of interests among the member states) and external factors (Russia’s policy aiming at regaining superpower status by i.a. breaking the West’s unity). In this view Ukraine is for Russia an instrument in a geopolitical game against the West, while for NATO it is a risk factor that demands strategic and long-term decisions.Artykuł poświęcony jest analizie kryzysu ukraińskiego jako dylematu decyzyjnego, który stanowi wyzwanie dla spójności i wiarygodności NATO. Wyzwanie to warunkowane jest zarówno czynnikami wewnętrznymi (rozbieżność interesów wśród państw członkowskich sojuszu), jak i zewnętrznymi (polityka Rosji, zmierzająca do odzyskania roli mocarstwowej poprzez, między innymi, rozbicie jedności Zachodu). W tym ujęciu Ukraina służy Rosji jako instrument rozgrywki geopolitycznej z Zachodem, dla NATO zaś jest obszarem ryzyka, wymagającym podejmowania strategicznych decyzji

Польско-украинские отношения в (дез) информационной политике Российской Федерации

The aim of the paper is a brief description of Russian information policy in the context of Polish-Ukrainian relations. Activities in infosphere are one of the most important tools of Russian influence and they are used (in accordance with ‘divide et impera’ rule) to implement strategy aiming at restoration Russian imperial position. When it comes to Polish-Ukrainian relations the main objective of the activities is to provoke and deepen antagonisms between Poles and Ukrainians. In a broader perspective it is aimed at keeping Ukraine in the ‘Russian sphere of influence’ and at enhancing pro-Russian attitudes.Celem artykułu jest zwięzłe przedstawienie roli polityki informacyjnej Rosji w odniesieniu do stosunków polsko-ukraińskich. Działania w sferze informacyjnej są obecnie jednym z najważniejszych instrumentów rosyjskich wpływów, wykorzystywanych (zgodnie z zasadą „dziel i rządź”) w realizacji strategii, zmierzającej do odbudowania przez Rosję pozycji mocarstwa. W kontekście stosunków polsko-ukraińskich celem tych działań jest pogłębianie animozji między Polakami a Ukraińcami, a w szerszej perspektywie zatrzymanie Ukrainy w rosyjskiej „strefie wpływów” i umacnianie nastrojów prorosyjskich.Цель исследования – кратко представить роль информационной политики России в отношении польско-украинских отношений. Деятельность в сфере информации в настоящее время является одним из важнейших инструментов российского влияния, используемым (в соответствии с принципом «разделяй и властвуй») при реализации стратегии, направленной на восстановление в России позиции сверхдержавы. В контексте польско-украинских отношений цель этих действий состоит в том, чтобы углубить вражду между поляками и украинцами и, в более широком плане, оставить Украину в российской „сфере влияния” и усилить пророссийские настроения