Appraisal of Environmental Related Issues in Social Science Subjects in Secondary Schools in Nigeria

Environmental conservation and management should be a vital component of our school curriculum as a way of investing in our youth so that they can be capable custodians of our environment for the sake of environmental management and conservation for sustainability. The youth have great potential which can only be ignored at our nation’s peril. Given that the environment is our greatest heritage, all measures including EE education must be taken serious to ensure that our youth have the correct attitude towards the environment since our very survival depends on this, this should be included in the school curriculum at all level. This research work investigates how environmental education can be used as a tool to create awareness and participation of secondary school students in environmental management and conversation. The research design used in this study was descriptive research design of survey type, to examine the curriculum content of secondary school on environmental conservation and management in secondary schools in Ondo State. The population for the study consists of all the secondary school students in Ondo state. Samples of forty-eight (480) students were drawn from ten (10) selected schools by using stratified random sampling technique. Forty-Eight (48) students were drawn from each of the selected schools. The research instrument used for this study was a self-constructed questionnaire for the students of the selected secondary schools. A sect of questionnaire was design, the questionnaire consisted of two sections; A and B: Section A contained the personal data while Section B contained items constructed in four point linkert scale. Findings from the study reveals among others that there are topics related to conservation in social sciences subjects in secondary schools, that majority of teachers are aware of this and also like teaching it. It therefore, recommend that curriculum planners should make topics on environmental issues be made compulsory at all levels of the education

Secondary School Students Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Towards Water Pollution in Riverine Area of Ondo State

Water pollution has been a major problem facing people living in riverine area all over Nigeria. This has become life threaten to majority of people living in the area as well as visitors to the area. A descriptive action research design was adopted foe the study and 3 instruments were developed for the collection of data. The population of the study comprises of all secondary school students in riverine area of Ondo State while 200 respondents were randomly selected from 10 schools 5 on the land and 5 on water. The questionnaire titled Environmental knowledge scale (EKS) Environmental Attitude scale (EAS) AND Environmental practice scale (EPS) were used to collect data for the study. Data generated were analyzed using descriptive statistics of mean, and standard deviation. The finding from the study shows that though participants are aware of actions that can pollute water, yet their attitude towards water pollution is negative

Influence of Vote Buying Among Electorates; Its Implications to Nigeria Future Democracy

The 2019 general elections in Nigeria witnessed an explosion in the use of the term “vote buying” in academic and media circles. An often-cited definition of vote buying describes it as “the exchange of private material benefits for political support”. Vote buying is seen as a contract, or perhaps an action in which the voter sells his or her vote to the highest bidder. The issue of vote buying has become a problem in the nation polity and the fear is can the university students who serve as adhoc staff of INEC be exonerated from this menace?  The researcher adopted a descriptive survey design for this study. Purposive random sampling technique was adopted in the selection of the sample from four Universities in South West. One hundred (100) participants were randomly selected from each universities.The instrument for this study was a self - constructed questionnaire. The questionnaire was divided into two sections A and B. Section A sought personal information of the participants. Section B consisted of 15 items. The finding from the work shows that the respondents among others aware of the danger the vote buying could pose to our future democracy. It is therefore recommended that political education be included in all level of education and government should encourage all organizations including religion organization to always enlightening their members the negative effects of vote in buying

Prospective observational cohort study on grading the severity of postoperative complications in global surgery research

Background The Clavien–Dindo classification is perhaps the most widely used approach for reporting postoperative complications in clinical trials. This system classifies complication severity by the treatment provided. However, it is unclear whether the Clavien–Dindo system can be used internationally in studies across differing healthcare systems in high- (HICs) and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods This was a secondary analysis of the International Surgical Outcomes Study (ISOS), a prospective observational cohort study of elective surgery in adults. Data collection occurred over a 7-day period. Severity of complications was graded using Clavien–Dindo and the simpler ISOS grading (mild, moderate or severe, based on guided investigator judgement). Severity grading was compared using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Data are presented as frequencies and ICC values (with 95 per cent c.i.). The analysis was stratified by income status of the country, comparing HICs with LMICs. Results A total of 44 814 patients were recruited from 474 hospitals in 27 countries (19 HICs and 8 LMICs). Some 7508 patients (16·8 per cent) experienced at least one postoperative complication, equivalent to 11 664 complications in total. Using the ISOS classification, 5504 of 11 664 complications (47·2 per cent) were graded as mild, 4244 (36·4 per cent) as moderate and 1916 (16·4 per cent) as severe. Using Clavien–Dindo, 6781 of 11 664 complications (58·1 per cent) were graded as I or II, 1740 (14·9 per cent) as III, 2408 (20·6 per cent) as IV and 735 (6·3 per cent) as V. Agreement between classification systems was poor overall (ICC 0·41, 95 per cent c.i. 0·20 to 0·55), and in LMICs (ICC 0·23, 0·05 to 0·38) and HICs (ICC 0·46, 0·25 to 0·59). Conclusion Caution is recommended when using a treatment approach to grade complications in global surgery studies, as this may introduce bias unintentionally

The surgical safety checklist and patient outcomes after surgery: a prospective observational cohort study, systematic review and meta-analysis

© 2017 British Journal of Anaesthesia Background: The surgical safety checklist is widely used to improve the quality of perioperative care. However, clinicians continue to debate the clinical effectiveness of this tool. Methods: Prospective analysis of data from the International Surgical Outcomes Study (ISOS), an international observational study of elective in-patient surgery, accompanied by a systematic review and meta-analysis of published literature. The exposure was surgical safety checklist use. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality and the secondary outcome was postoperative complications. In the ISOS cohort, a multivariable multi-level generalized linear model was used to test associations. To further contextualise these findings, we included the results from the ISOS cohort in a meta-analysis. Results are reported as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals. Results: We included 44 814 patients from 497 hospitals in 27 countries in the ISOS analysis. There were 40 245 (89.8%) patients exposed to the checklist, whilst 7508 (16.8%) sustained ≥1 postoperative complications and 207 (0.5%) died before hospital discharge. Checklist exposure was associated with reduced mortality [odds ratio (OR) 0.49 (0.32–0.77); P\u3c0.01], but no difference in complication rates [OR 1.02 (0.88–1.19); P=0.75]. In a systematic review, we screened 3732 records and identified 11 eligible studies of 453 292 patients including the ISOS cohort. Checklist exposure was associated with both reduced postoperative mortality [OR 0.75 (0.62–0.92); P\u3c0.01; I2=87%] and reduced complication rates [OR 0.73 (0.61–0.88); P\u3c0.01; I2=89%). Conclusions: Patients exposed to a surgical safety checklist experience better postoperative outcomes, but this could simply reflect wider quality of care in hospitals where checklist use is routine

Critical care admission following elective surgery was not associated with survival benefit: prospective analysis of data from 27 countries

This was an investigator initiated study funded by Nestle Health Sciences through an unrestricted research grant, and by a National Institute for Health Research (UK) Professorship held by RP. The study was sponsored by Queen Mary University of London