Learning from cancer to address COVID-19

Patients with cancer have been disproportionately affected by the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Knowledge collected during the last three decades of cancer research has helped the medical research community worldwide to respond to many of the challenges raised by COVID-19, during the pandemic. The review, briefly summarizes the underlying biology and risk factors of COVID-19 and cancer, and aims to present recent evidence on cellular and molecular relationship between the two diseases, with a focus on those that are related to the hallmarks of cancer and uncovered in the first less than three years of the pandemic (2020-2022). This may not only help answer the question "Why cancer patients are considered to be at a particularly high risk of developing severe COVID-19 illness?", but also helped treatments of patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. The last session highlights the pioneering mRNA studies and the breakthrough discovery on nucleoside-modifications of mRNA by Katalin Karikó, which led to the innovation and development of the mRNA-based SARSCoV-2 vaccines saving lives of millions and also opened the door for a new era of vaccines and a new class of therapeutics

The effects of accountability, governance capital, and legal origin on reported frauds

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Effects of supplemental UV-B radiation on photosynthesis performance and UV-B absorbing compounds in leaves of two oak species

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The Effects of Accountability, Governance Capital, and Legal Origin on Reported Frauds

An institutional perspective is employed to illuminate the complexity of frauds in various diverse economies, in order to enhance the efficacy of previous accounting concepts. In this study, the effects of the legal, regulatory and human framework of the strength of auditing and reporting standards, and the governance capital related to global sustainable competitiveness and economic growth, etc. are analysed by linear regression (OLS) methods. Moreover, the role of other indicators i.e. financial freedom, the extent of director liability and legal origin, are interrelated with the number of fraud cases. From the results, it appears that an increased level of governance capital, financial freedom from government pressure, strengthened transparency and more protected minority investors through liable directors might increase the number of reported fraud cases in the countries and years examined. The existence of legal origin also seemed to be an appropriate proxy for an improved understanding of fraud characteristics. This evidence suggests it is worth investigating in depth the nature of financial crimes across countries for a better understanding of this phenomenon. In this way, these findings might have sufficient potential in the case of adequate policy implications within a less litigious business environment to resolve the undesirable consequences of impending financial downturns, and to achieve sustainable competitiveness and economic development