Assessment of Scapular Morphometry

WOS: 000454335600026The current study was undertaken to assess the incidence of different types of suprascapular notch, acromion dimensions and the lower and upper scapular angles. The suprascapular notch and variations of the acromion are clinically important in suprascapular nerve compression and subacromial impingement. Measurements were taken from 73 Anatolian dry scapulae of unknown age or sex. The suprascapuar notch was classified according to that of Rengachary et al. (1979). Its width and depth, the distance between supraglenoid tubercle and the deepest point of notch, as well as the upper and lower scapular angles were also determine measured. The type of acromion was assessed according to shape (type I (cobra), type II (square), type III (intermediate)) and tilt (type I (flat), type II (curve). Acromion length and the distance between acromion and coracoid process were also measured. The frequency of different types of suprascapular notch were type I (28.8 %), type II (23.3 %), type III (13.7 %), type IV (20.5 %), type V (2.7 %), type VI (5.5 %)and absence (5.5 %). Acromion type were type I (45.5 %), type II (7.5 %) and type III (47.0 %), acromion tilt type I (15.2 %), and type II (84.8 %). An understanding of the association between the anatomical structures of the scapula and morphometric measurements is clinically important

Anatomy and clinical importance of the extracranial clivus and surrounding structures

The aim of this study was to reveal the clinical importance of measurements taken from the pharyngeal tubercle (PT) to various anatomical structures around the extracranial clivus. Twenty-six adult dry Anatolian skulls were examined. The extracranial clivus and PT were used as landmarks from which various distances were measured using a digital caliper accurate to 0.01 mm. The following mean distances from the PT were observed; foramen lacerum (FL) (L: 17.15 mm, R: 17.4 mm); medial external margin of the carotid canal (CC) (L: 26.7 mm, R: 27.5 mm); anterior tip of occipital condyle (OC) (L: 16.4 mm, R: 16.3 mm); anterior margin of foramen magnum (FM) (10.8 mm); foramen ovale (FO) (L: 25.9 mm, R: 29.1); medial margin of the jugular fossa (JF) (L: 25.4 mm, R: 25.7 mm); medial external margin of the hypoglossal canal (HC) (L: 20.0 mm, R: 19.9 mm). Mean bilateral distances were: LFO-RFO: 45.34 mm; LFL-RFL: 20.1 mm; LCC-RCC: 52.1 mm; LOC-ROC: 17.6 mm; LJF-RJF: 45.2 mm; LHC-RHC: 33.5 mm. The following mean distances were observed from the FM: FM-OC (L: 8.3 mm, R: 9.3 mm); FM-HC (L: 17.8 mm, R: 17.4 mm). Also the mean distance of OC-HC were observed (L: 11.7 mm, R: 11.4 mm). Present measurements suggest that the PT can be used as an anatomical landmark during surgery involving clival pathology. However, the anatomy and variations of the extracranial clivus and surrounding structures must be taken into consideration.</p

The Relationships Between Children's Prosocial-Lie Telling Behavior, Theory of Mind and Executive Functions in 54-66 Months

This research examined the relationship between prosocial lie-telling behavior, theory of mind, and executive functions in children aged 54-66 months. The sample consists of 96 children (54 boys, 42 girls) aged 54-66 months (4.5-5.5 years) enrolled at five public schools and private schools in Istanbul. The children's prosocial lie-telling behavior is tested by the good and bad drawing task and the dissapointing gift paradigm. Two false belief tasks and one appearance-reality task were used to measure theory of mind (ToM). Along with the measures for theory of mind, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and inhitory control were measured by the dimensional change card sort (DCCS) and day-night Strooplike test, respectively. As a result, there was no significant differences between the children's cognitive scores (ToM, DCCS, Stroop) and pro-social lying tasks. However, there were significant predictive relationships with the DCCS and the disappointing gift paradigm's swap condition. When age was controlled, Stroop and prosocial lie-telling in the good and bad drawing task correlated significantly in young children. White-lie-telling scores are differentiated, according to researchers, in older children. Thus, it is thought that social and motivational factors may affects children's prosocial behavior. In this study, the disappointing gifts paradigm and good and bad drawing tasks were used to measure children's prosocial lie-telling behavior, and it was discovered that there were quite different values for children's lying rates

Clinical significance of clavicle morphometry

Purpose: Clavicle is the bony link between upper extremity and the body. This study is undertaken to assess the anatomical structure of clavicle and to determine the morphometric measurements. Materials and Methods: Sixty-six clavicle of unknown gender of an Anatolian population (34 left-32 right) are included. Maximum claviculer length, the perimeter of the midpoint, the superior inferior and anterior posterior thickness of extremitas acromialis, the distance between the lateral border of the clavicle and the midpoint of linea trapezoidea, maximum length and width of impressio costoclavicularis, maximum length and width of fascies sternalis, maximum lengt hand width of facies acromialis and concave angle are measured in addition the Robustness index (endurance index) is calculated. Results: Maximum claviculer length was 136.19 +/- 13.41 mm; superior inferior thickness of extremitas acromialis was 10.59 +/- 2.15 mm; and anterior posterior thickness of extremitas acromialis was 21.62 +/- 3.87 mm; the distance between the lateral border of the clavicle and the midpoint of linea trapezoidea was 17.06 +/- 3.83 mm; maximum length of impressio costoclavicularis was 16.51 +/- 5.11 mm; and maximum width of impressio costoclavicularis was 8.07 +/- 2.88 mm; maximum length of fascies sternalis was 16.58 +/- 3.22 mm; and maximum width of fascies sternalis was 20.26 +/- 3.29 mm maximum length of fascies acromialis was 9.10 +/- 2.55 mm; maximum width of fascies acromialis was 14.74 +/- 3.43 mm; concave angle was 139.43 +/- 8.25 degrees; the perimeter of the midpoint of the clavicle was 3.57 +/- 0.46 mm and the Robustness index (endurance index) was calculated to be 2.63 +/- 0.32. Conclusion: Knowledge on the clavicular measurements may be essential for orthopaedic surgeons in acute displaced midshaft clavicle fractures and to choose a standart treatment modality in many other conditions

Morphometry of the hypoglossal canal, occipital condyle, and foramen magnum

The present study was undertaken to determine the detailed morphometry of occipital condyle (OC), hypoglossal canal (HC), and foramen magnum (FM) in Turkish-Caucasian skulls: measurements were taken from 59 dry skulls of unknown sex. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in measurements taken from the right and left sides, consequently the overall means and associated standard deviations were calculated. The length of the HC was 9.9±1.9 mm and the HC intracranial and extracranial diameters were 6.5±1.3 mm and 6.6±1.1 mm, respectively, with the angle of the HC to the sagittal plane being 45.6±4.6 degrees. The distances from the intracranial and extracranial ends of HC to the jugular foramen were 13.3±3.3 mm and 8.4±2.0 mm, respectively, whereas the distances from the HC to the jugular tubercle, opisthion and basion were 12.2±2.2 mm, 29.2±2.6 mm, and 16.5±1.8 mm, respectively. The distances from the intracranial end of the HC to the posterior, anterior, inferior margins of the OC were 12.3±2.4 mm, 11.2±1.6 mm, and 9.4±1.2 mm, respectively. The anteroposterior length and transverse width of the OC were 24.5±2.5 mm and 13.1±1.6 mm, and the angle of the OC to the sagittal plane 31.5±5.1 degrees; the mean sagittal intercondylar angle was 62.2 degrees. The anterior and posterior intercondylar distances were 22.6±3.9 mm and 44.2±3.2 mm. The anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the FM were 34.8±2.2 mm and 29.6±2.4 mm, giving a mean FM index of 1.2. The presence or absence of a septum in the HC, protrusion of OC into the FM and the presence of condylar foramen were also determined. Detailed morphometric analysis will help in the planning of surgical intervention involving the skull base safer and easier

Morphologic and seismic evidence of rapid submergence offshore Cide-Sinop in the southern Black Sea shelf

Multi-beam bathymetric and multi-channel seismic reflection data obtained offshore Cide-Sinop have revealed important records on the latest transgression of the Black Sea for the first time. A relatively large shelf plain within the narrow southern continental shelf characterized by a flat seafloor morphology at -100 water depth followed by a steep continental slope leading to -500 m depth. This area is widely covered by submerged morphological features such as dunes, lagoons, possible aeolianites, an eroded anticline and small channels that developed by aeolian and fluvial processes. These morphological features sit upon an erosional surface that truncates the top of all seismic units and constitutes the seafloor over the whole shelf. The recent prograded delta deposits around the shelf break are also truncated by the similar erosional surface. These results indicate that offshore Cide-Sinop was once a terrestrial landscape that was then submerged. The interpreted paleoshoreline varies from -100 to -120 m. This variation can be explained by not only sea level changes but also the active faults observed on the seismic section. The effective protection of morphological features on the seafloor is the evidence of abrupt submergence rather than gradual. In addition, the absence of coastal onlaps suggests that these morphological features should have developed at low sea level before the latest sea level rise in the Black Sea. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Surface landmarks for suboccipital craniotomy

Surface anatomic landmarks of the skull are important to ensure proper surgical planning and approaches. Localization of internal cranial anatomic features based on such landmarks is essential for identifying and avoiding important anatomic structures, minimizing complications and decreasing surgical morbidity. Twenty-five adult dry Anatolian skulls of unknown age and sex from the collection of the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University were examined to determine the relationships between specific landmarks. Mean distances and associated SDs for the right and left sides for each of the following were: asterion to the root of the zygoma 53.03±3.53 and 50.46±4.97 mm, asterion to the tip of the mastoid process 49.71±3.92 and 49.17±4.16 mm, asterion to the digastric point 29.32±7.09 and 28.78±4.89 mm, digastric point to the occipitomastoid suture 6.89±4.21 and 6.95±4.02 mm, digastric point to the jugular point 25.14±5.15 and 25.29±5.38 mm, jugular point to the stylomastoid foramen 8.08±1.95 and 6.81±1.47 mm, stylomastoid foramen to the jugular foramen 6.11±2.33 and 7.08±1.90 mm, and projection of the digastric point to the border of the sigmoid sinus 3.20±1.62 and 3.09±1.92 mm. In addition, the presence of a septum associated with the jugular foramen was noted as a no septum (62.5% and 70.8%), incomplete (29.2% and 16.7%), and complete (8.3% and 12.5%) on the right and left sides, respectively. These distances will aid neurosurgeons in safely placing burr holes for suboccipital craniotomy. Copyright © 2013 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Consequences of hypoxia-reoxygenation phenomena in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Background and Objectives : Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common disorder characterized by numerous episodes of absence of respiratory flow during sleep, which can be followed by a decrease in SaO2 , which is rapidly normalized when ventilation resumes. We hypothesize that this hypoxia-reoxygenation phenomena may affect the generation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), erythropoietin (EPO), endothelin-1 (ENDO-1), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Design and Setting : Prospective, patients referred to sleep disorders center. Patients and Methods : The presence and severity of OSAS were determined using the standard overnight polysomnography. Diagnosis of OSAS was made when the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was &#8805;15, independent of the appearance of symptoms. Serum levels of VEGF, EPO, ENDO-1, and nitrite-nitrate were measured after overnight fasting in 69 patients with OSAS and in 17 healthy control subjects. Serum levels of VEGF and nitrite-nitrate were measured again after 12 weeks of treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in OSAS patients. Results : Serum VEGF levels were found to be significantly higher and nitrite-nitrate levels were found to be significantly lower in OSAS patients than in controls (P=.003, .008, respectively), but no differences in EPO and ENDO-1 levels were found between the groups. We demonstrated that in OSAS patients, the serum VEGF levels were decreased and nitrate levels were increased after 12 weeks of CPAP treatment (P=.001, .002, respectively). Conclusion : According to our data, it is likely that hypoxia-reoxygenation phenomena affect the VEGF and nitrite-nitrate levels, which may be pathogenic factors in generating cardiovascular complications in OSAS

Morphometric Measurement and Types of Articular Facets on the Talus and Calcaneus in an Anatolian Population

Anatomical variations in terms of ligamentous attachments, articulations and bony morphology are common in the subtalar region. The shape of the articular facets of the talus and calcaneus and their relationship to each other are important for joint function and surgical procedures. In this study an assessment of the morphology of the articular facets of the talus and calcaneus, in an Anatolian population, was undertaken. 49 tali and 57 calcanei from Anatolian adults of unknown gender were examined. The types of articular facets on the talus and calcaneus were determined using the following classification: Type A1, the distance between the anterior and middle facets was less than 2 mm; Type A2, the distance between the anterior and middle facets was 2-5 mm; Type A3, the distance between the anterior and middle facets was more than 5 mm; Type A4, there was only one articular facet; Type B1, the separation between the anterior and middle facets was not complete; Type B2, separation of the anterior and middle facets was present; Type C, no separation between the anterior, middle and posterior facets was present, i.e. there was one articular facet. In addition, the anteroposterior length and width of the talus and calcaneus, together with the width, length and depth of sulcus tali and sulcus calcanei were determined. Left and right tali, respectively, displayed the folowing types of articular facet: A1, 0 %, 0 %; A2, 0 %, 3,4 %; A3, 0 %, 0 %; A4, 0 %, 0 %; B1, 60 %, 51,8 %; and B2, 40 %, 44.8 %. Articular facets on left and right calcanei, respectively, were: A1, 10 %, 7.4 %; A2, 10 %, 14.8 %; A3, 16.7 %, 11.1 %; A4, 3.3 %, 3.7 %; B1, 30 %, 22.2 %; B2, 30 %, 40.8 %. The length and width of left and right tali were 50.5 +/- 3.81 mm and 39.5 +/- 2.97 mm, and 53.1 +/- 4.38 mm and 39.3 +/- 3.66 mm, respectively. The width, length and depth of left and right sulcus tali were: 5.2 +/- 1.09 mm, 21.7 +/- 2.73 mm and 5.7 +/- 0.84 mm, and 6.1 +/- 2.05 mm, 21.1 +/- 3.66 mm and 5.7 +/- 1.52 mm, respectively. For left and right calcanei length and width were; 76.1 +/- 5.44 mm 44.0 +/- 3.97 mm, and 75.7 +/- 6.76 mm and 45.9 +/- 4.21 mm, respectively. The width, length and depth of left and right sulcus calcanei were: 6.4 +/- 1.19 mm, 31.9 +/- 2.76 mm and 4.0 +/- 0.81 mm, and 5.5 +/- 1.00 mm, 32.4 +/- 3.23 mm and 4.4 +/- 1.05 mm, respectively. The articular facets on both the talus and calcaneus in the Anatolian population studied was predominantly type B. This observations is similar to previous reports conducted in America, India and Africa, but differ from those undertaken in Europe. A knowledge of variations of the articular facets of the talus and calcaneus provides a valuable road map for orthopaedic surgeons, as well as others involved in foot rehabilitation