EFFECTS OF APPROACH VELOCITY TO THE CONTRIBUTION OF EACH BODY SEGMENTS TO THE TAKE-OFF MOVEMENT IN THE LONG JUMP

INTRODUCTION Much study suggested that approach velocity gave significant effects to the long jump performance However, there are very few studies effects of approach velocity to the role or the contribution of each body segments to the take-off movement in the long Jump, which is the purpose of this study Nine male long jumpers performed the long jump of the three types, Slow jump (S 10----15m-approachrun), Medium jump (M 25----30m-approachrun), Fast jump (F full approach of their own). Their take-off motions were filmed at 200Hz with Nac high speed camera. Two dimensional coordinates were obtained by digitizing the motions with a sampling frequency of 200Hz. The data was filtered with a Butterworth digital filter(Winter 1979) at 10Hz BSP of Chandler et al. (1975) were used to estimate the segmental centers of gravity and mass center of the whole body This data used to calculate the generated momenta and impulses (horizontal, vertical) of the arms (A), trunk (T: head and trunk), free leg (F) and take-off leg (TL), using the method of Ae and Shibukawa (1980). The mean percent contribution of the segments were obtained by dividing total impulse of each segment over the take-off phase by the whole body impulse RESULTS With the regard to the horizontal direction, the body segments contribution suggested the same proportion pattern all of the three types jumps. The highest (positive) contribution was made by the trunk (S: 4155±22.5%, M36.42± 18.23%, F54.85 ± 3024%) The contribution of the arms (S -5.97±281%, M:-6.34±5.21%, F:-9.54± 6.20%), The free leg (S: -5.85±481%, M: -1603±1120%, F: -722±3.10%) and take-off leg (S:-129.73±35.59%, M -11405±48.47%, F:-138.10±6550%) were negative. Most negative contribution was made by the take-off leg As for the vertical direction, the all body segments contribution of the three types jumps showed positive contribution (S; A 4.29±262%, T 4.06±423%, FL 0.69± 2.44%, TL 90 96±7.82%, M; A 600± 1.60%, T 9.54±9.37%, FL 010±210%, TL 84.36±11.14%, F; A 10.5±3.12%, T 8.02±604%, FL: 2.88±1.01%, TL 78.60 ± 14.56%). The take-off leg showed the highest percentage contribution As the approach velocity increased, so did the contribution of the arms, while the contribution of the take-off leg decreased. CONCLUSION With regard to the horizontal direction, the body segments contribution showed the same proportion pattern in all of the three types jumps The trunk made positive contribution to horizontal velocity, the trunk made positive contribution to horizontal velocity, the other body segments made negative contribution to horizontal velocity in horizontal direction. On the other hand, as the approach velocity increased, so did the contribution of the arms, while the contribution of the take-off leg decreased. The arms and take-off leg have a mutually supportive relationship in vertical direction

EACH BODY SEGMENT FUNCTION DURING THE SUPPORT PHASE OF THE DROP JUMP

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to investigate each body segment function in the takeoff motion of the drop jump. Ten male athletes performed a drop jump with the height of 40cm. They were instructed to use arm action. Their takeoff motions were filmed at 20OHz with a high speed camera. Two-dimensional coordinates were obtained by digitizing the motion with a sampling frequency of 20OHz. The data was filtered with a Butterworth digital filter at 8.5Hz. BSP of Chandler et al. (1975) were used to estimate the segmental centers of gravity and the mass center of the whole body. This data were used to calculate the generated momenta of the arms trunk (head and trunk), takeoff legs, thighs, shanks and feet in the vertical direction using method of Ae et al. (1985). Accelerative forces were calculated generated momenta by numerical differentiation. RESULTS: The arms showed a positive (but small) accelerative force (accelerating the body upward) in the early half of the support phase, and a small negative force (checking the body downward) in the later half. The trunk showed a negative accelerative force immediately after the touchdown, then gave a twopeaked pattern of positive force in the midpoint of phase and a negative force in the phase immediately before the takeoff. The takeoff legs showed the positive accelerative force throughout the overall takeoff phase, which is especially large immediately after the touchdown and before the takeoff. The force of the takeoff legs was larger than that of other parts. The thighs showed a negative accelerative force immediately after touchdown, then gave a two-peaked pattern of positive one in the midpoint of phase, and the negative one. The thighs showed the same pattern as the trunk. The shanks gave both positive and negative force alternately during takeoff. The feet showed the positive accelerative force throughout the overall takeoff phase, having the larger one immediately after the touchdown and before the takeoff. CONCLUSIONS: The arms are charged with the function of accelerating the body upward in the early half of the support phase. The trunk takes the charge of accelerating around the midpoint of phase. The takeoff legs have the accelerating function throughout the overall takeoff phase. The thighs are charged with the function around the midpoint, the shanks in the phase immediately after the touchdown and before the takeoff, and the feet during the overall takeoff phase. The positive force of the feet is especially large in the phase immediately after the touchdown and before the takeoff, which accelerate the body upward

Construction of the corpus of senmyō: one of the oldest materials of Japanese language

Of the oldest texts written in native Japanese that still exist today, waka (poems) and senmyō (imperial edicts) from the 8th century comprise the largest part. In this period, texts were usually written in Classical Chinese, but waka and senmyō were written in native Japanese using kanji (Chinese characters). Therefore, they are valuable materials of Old Japanese for linguists. We worked on construction of the corpus of senmyō mainly for the purpose of language research. Our corpus adheres to the writing style of the original text and is created under a unified design as part of the diachronic corpus covering from the eighth century to the present (CHJ)

BACKGROUND MUSCLE ACTIVITY INFLUENCES MECHANICAL RESPONSE DURING REPEATED MAXIMUM MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS

This study was designed to examine whether background muscle activity and prediction of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) timing influence the mechanical response elicited by the MVC during passive repetition of shortening, lengthening, and isometric contractions. Background muscle activity and prediction of the timing of MVC influenced the mechanical response elicited by the MVC during passive repetition of shortening, lengthening, and isometric contractions

胆管経路を利用した胎仔肝前駆細胞による脱細胞化肝臓グラフトの効率的な再細胞化

京都大学0048新制・課程博士博士(医学)甲第20280号医博第4239号新制||医||1021(附属図書館)京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻(主査)教授 川口 義弥, 教授 羽賀 博典, 教授 坂井 義治学位規則第4条第1項該当Doctor of Medical ScienceKyoto UniversityDFA

Seismic Amplitude Ratio Analysis of the 2014–2015 Bár ∂arbunga-Holuhraun Dike Propagation and Eruption

Magma is transported in brittle rock through dikes and sills. This movement may be accompanied by the release of seismic energy that can be tracked from the Earth’s surface. Locating dikes and deciphering their dynamics is therefore of prime importance in understanding and potentially forecasting volcanic eruptions. The Seismic Amplitude Ratio Analysis (SARA) method aims to track melt propagation using the amplitudes recorded across a seismic network without picking the arrival times of individual earthquake phases. This study validates this methodology by comparing SARA locations (filtered between 2- 16 Hz) with the earthquake locations (same frequency band) recorded during the 2014-15 Bárðarbunga-Holuhraun dike intrusion and eruption in Iceland. Integrating both approaches also provides the opportunity to investigate the spatio-temporal characteristics of magma migration during the dike intrusion and ensuing eruption. During the intrusion SARA locations correspond remarkably well to the locations of earthquakes. Several exceptions are however observed. [1] A low-frequency signal was possibly associated with a subglacial eruption on 23 August. [2] A systematic retreat of the seismicity was also observed to the back of each active segment during stalled phases and was associated with a larger spatial extent of the seismic energy source. This behavior may be controlled by the dike’s shape and/or by dike inflation. [3] During the eruption SARA locations consistently focused at the eruptive site. [4] Tremor-rich signal close to ice cauldrons occurred on 3 September. This study demonstrates the power of the SARA methodology, provided robust site amplification, Quality Factors and seismic velocities are available

THE STUDY OF THE MODEL INTERVAL TIME IN 400M HURDLE RACE FOR MEN

Introduction The purpose of this study was to calculate and evaluate the equations for the model interval time of 400m hurdle race for men. The total number of samples were 651. Interval time was defined as the time from starting point to the first touchdown after hurdling, and between each touchdown there-after. The samples were divided into 8 groups according to performance time. The performance range were 48.79- 59.45sec. 11 equations for each group were calculated from the samples. RESULTS High correlation between each interval time and performance time was obtained. the correlation coefficient between 8th i n t e r v a l t i m e and performance was the highest in particular. Performance time correlated with the 2-9th interval time in group A (48.48- 50.99,n=41). Performance time correlated with the 2,3,5th interval time in group B (51.1 3- 51.97,n=55). Performance time correlated with the 5-8th interval time in group C (52.00- 52.99,n=I 14). Performance time correlated with the 3th,8-10th interval time in group D(53.00 -53.99,n=143). Performance time correlated with the 5-8th interval time in group E (54.00- 54.98,n=126). Performance time correlated with the 6-8th interval time in group F (55.00- 55.99,n=82). Performance time correlated with the 7-8th interval time in group G (56.02- 56.94,n=32). Performance time correlated with the 8-10th interval time in group H (57.08-59.45,n=48). CONCLUSION The performance time correlated significantly with the 8th interval time in 7 groups(A,C,D,E,F,G,H). Furthermore performance time corelated with the 7th and 9th interval in 5 groups. Therefore, it is suggested that performance correlates highly with the latter half of race, especially the 8th interval. In conclusion, in order to improve overall performance, it is important to improve the performance between the 7th and the 9th interval. REFERENCES 1)Ken M1YASHITA:The study of model touchdown time for 11 Om hurdle race: RESERCH QUATERLY FOR ATHLETICS, 14,pplO-20,1993 2)Masatoshi MORITA, kouichi IGARASHI :The case study on the race of top hurdler in the world-The Ill WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS IN ATHLETICS TOKYO 1991 -: RESERCH QUATERLY FOR ATHLETICS,ll ,pp2-13,199