Deep- Sea Bacteria And Their Biotechnological Potentials

Deep-sea environment characterized by its low temperature, high hydrostatic pressure, limited nutrient contents, and constant darkness has been a hostile environment for most marine microorganisms. Therefore it is a home for low temperature and high pressure-loving bacteria believed to functionally over shallow water intruders. Deep-sea has been regarded as rainforests in terms of their microbial diversity. Thus, the deep-sea should commend itself to microbiologists and biotechnologists alike as source of novel microorganisms and exploitable properties. Near Indonesia several deep-sea trenches exist with diverse environmental conditions. However, up to now there has been no effort to study the microbial communities of those deep-sea environments by Indonesian scientists. This is mainly because of the lack of knowledge in the field of deep-sea microbiology in Indonesia

Marine Invertebrate-Associated Bacteria In Coral Reef Ecosystems As A New Source Of Bioactive Compounds

Coral reefs are the most species-rich environments in the oceans. Reefs cover 0.2% of the ocean’s area and yet they provide home to one-third of marine fishes and to tens of thousands of other species. Coral reefs provide essential fish habitat, support endangered and threatened species, and harbor protected marine mammals. Despite the obvious ecological value of these habitats, most coral reefs around the world, including Indonesia’s, are threatened or already being destroyed by human activities. The search for bio-active compounds extracted from coral reef invertebrates which is emerging as an area of increasing interest among biotechnological companies, further threatens the integrity of the reef ecosystem. It would be of great interest to find alternative sources of these compounds, in order to preserve this precious environment and also to obtain higher amounts of these bi-active molecules. Increasing observations suggest that a number of bio-active metabolites obtained from invertebrates are in fact produced by associated microorganisms: this has prompted research into the rapidly expanding field of study of metabolites derived from microorganisms associated with reef invertebrates. The possibility to culture relevant microorganisms in bioreactors would enable the production of large amounts of the bio-molecules of interest, at the same time preserving the marine ecosystem from exploitation

Identification of Sponge-Associated Bacteria with Antibacterial Property against Staphylococcus aureus based on Molecular Approach

Staphylococcus aureus is among human pathogens which are known to be resistant to almost clinically significant antibiotics that causes a crisis, in the treatment and management of infectious disease, and also presents a clear danger to the future of public health. Recently, invertebrate-associated microorganisms have become the target of the search for marine microbial natural products. Sponge-associated microorganisms are one of the most interesting natural product sources because they produce bioactive natural products including polyketides and nonribosomal peptides. Molecular approach based on 16S rDNA has been very successful in the identification and the search of secondary metabolite-producing microorganisms, particularly by using specific degenerated primers, for the detection of Polyketide Synthases (PKS) and Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetases (NRPS) gene fragments that are essential for the biosynthesis of bioactive products. Four bacterial isolates from sponge Dysidea sp. were found to inhibit the growth of S. aureus. However, only the best two isolates were selected for further identification and screening for the presence of either PKS or NRPS. The results revealed that both isolates BSP5.11 and BSP11.7 have 99% homology with Alpha proteobacterium. PCR analysis of PKS and NRPS gene fragments showed that they both amplified the NRPS but not the PKS gene fragments

The potential of Symbiont Ba cteria in Melo melo Gastropod found in Pekalongan Waters as a source of MDR antibacterial active compound

The increasing resistance of many pathogenic microorganisms against antibiotics compounds creates an alarming issue in medical world. This concern has created research opportunities in new antibiotics compounds as alternative options. The gastropod Melo melo is a species whose main diet consists of other smaller gastropods. However, Melo-melo does not have any self-defense mechanism save for its thin shell. To protect itself from various pathogenic bacteria existing in its food, Melo melo produces secondary metabolites, which are suspected to contain bioactive compounds with antibacterial properties. This fact puts Melo melo as a marine biota with potential as a source of new antibacterial compounds. This research aims to discover the potency of symbiont bacteria in the gastropod Melo melo with capabilities in producing Multi-drug resistant (MDR) antibacterial compounds. Samples of Melo melo are collected from the vicinity of Pekalongan waters, Central Java, Indonesia. This research begins with the isolation of symbiont bacteria, screening of symbiont bacteria with potency in MDR antibacterial activities, antibacterial test, and isolation of MDR clinical pathogenic bacteria. These protocols are then followed by antibacterial sensitivity test, and identification of bacterial species active against MDR by biochemical test and molecular analysis. Molecular analyses are carried out sequentially by DNA extraction, DNA amplification by PCR, and DNA sequencing. Results of 16S rDNA are analyzed using Genetix program and then followed by sequence analysis of the 16S rDNA. In this research, 11 bacteria in Melo melo are isolated and there are 4 isolates which show antibacterial activities against MDR bacteria from Pseudomonas sp. and Enterobacter sp species. Molecular analysis of the most active isolates identifies that isolate PM 26 matches in characteristics with Brevibacterium celere strain KMM 3637 with 89% homology match. On the other hand, biochemical test shows that isolate PM 26 is identical with Bacillus sp. This research concludes that symbiont bacteria found in Melo melo possess antibacterial activities against bacteria of MDR strain

NATURAL BIODEGRADATION OF COPROSTANOL IN AN EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM OF THREE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OF JAKARTA WATERS, INDONESIA

Constraint of using bio-indicator (coliform bacteria) as an indicator of domestic (sewage) pollution in the environment with high environmental stress encourages the discovering of other alternate indicators. Coprostanol has been proposed as a chemical indicator of domestic waste pollution, but most research on were conducted in the temperate (high latitude) region. The persistence of coprostanol in tropical region, especially in Indonesia, is still very poor. It is very important to understand the persistence of coprostanol in the nature, as one of the requirements to propose coprostanol as an alternate indicator of domestic waste pollution. In order to better understand the natural biodegradation of coprostanol, experimental system on three environmental conditions (river, river mouth, and coastal waters) was conducted. In April 2004, samples of water and surface bottom sediments were collected from each environmental condition in duplicate. Before the samples were put into aerated and non-aerated aquaria, about 35-40 g of surface bottom sediments were taken to analyze the initial concentration (C0) of coprostanol. The sediments were subsequently sampled from each aquarium within a certain interval day to analyze the concentration of coprostanol (C10, C20, and C40). The results showed that aeration plays not an important role in natural biodegradation of coprostanol. In average, the highest rate of coprostanol biodegradation is 0.438 µg/g day-1 in non aerated coastal water environment, where as the lowest was found in the non aerated river mouth environment (0.021 µg/g day-1). Since coprostanol was degraded very slowly, and could be detected in the sediments of three environmental conditions, coprostanol has an excellent potency to be used as an alternate indicator of domestic wastes

Nutritional Content of Artemia sp. Fed with Chaetoceros calcitrans and Skeletonema costatum

Artemia sp. is a natural food with high protein content, especially amino acid. Nowadays, Indonesia still relies on import for its supply. Hence, the utilization of local Artemia sp. as an alternative to the imported product is recommended as it contains more protein and less expensive. The advantages of local Artemia sp. is its better crystal quality as it is still fresh. It also provides better income for salt farmers because waste water from salt farm can be used to culture Artemia sp.. This research is aimed at determining the quality of locally-produced Artemia sp., by evaluation of its essential amino acid and fatty acid profiles after treatments. Our results indicated that Artemia sp. cysts with good quality were produced after 8 hours and Artemia sp. reaches a hatching rate of 1,320,000 cysts (95%) after 27 hours. We also found an indication that the best feed concentration was a mix of 60% Chaetoceros calcitrans with 40% Skeletonema costatum. Fatty acid profile analyses showed that the highest SAFA (12.86%) and PUFA (29.91%) were gained after feeding with Chaetoceros calcitrans, whereas the highest HUFA (4.93%) was gained after feeding with Skeletonemacostatum. Essential amino acid profile analyses revealed the highest content of amino acid (18912.62 ppm) was after feeding with a combination of Chaetoceros calcitrans and Skeletonema costatum.  Finally, the proper water quality during research was at 25-30 oC of temperature, 30-31 ppt of salinity, pH 7.8-8.9, and DO was at 3.0-4.4 mg/L

The Performance of Mangrove Leaf Extract (Sonneratiaalba) in Combating Bacterial Associated with Ice–Ice Disease of Seaweed (Kappaphycusalvarezii)

The outbreaks of ice–ice disease since 1999 at various seaweed culture in Indonesia were still very high with significant losses. Moreover, very scanty of the research on the cause and control methods has been developed. Meanwhile, Mangrove leaf extract (Sonneratiaalba) contained bacteriostatic that might potentially effective to combat a such disease. This research was aimed to demonstrate the performance of mangrove leaf extract to control bacteria causing ice–ice disease. Mangrove leaf (S. alba) was extracted by methanol. Nine bacterial collection from the ice–ice were then in vitro-exposed to mangrove extract at concentration of 2500, 5000 and 10,000 mg/l respectively. Research results demonstrated that mangrove leaf extract at all concentrations tested were able to prevent the growth of 9 bacterial strains associated with ice–ice disease. The diameter of clear zone was between 7.47 and 16.17 mm after 24 hours incubation. Thus, it can be concluded that alkaloid, saponin, tannin, triterpenoid/steroid, and flavonoid in the mangrove leaf at concentration as low as 2500 mg/l was able to prevent the growth of 9 bacterial associated with ice–ice disease

Effectiveness of Marine Fungal Symbiont Isolated from Soft Coral Sinularia sp. from Panjang Island as Antifungal

AbstractSoft corals are invertebrates living on coral reefs that produce bioactive compound that can be used such as an antibacterial, antifungal, anti-tumor,and anti inflamantory that are beneficial for the pharmaceutical industry. Several studies have shown that fungi are very rich of natural chemical compounds that are potential as a source of new drugs, but there is few research in marine fungal symbionts. In this research we collecteda soft coral Sinularia sp. as source of marine fungal symbionts from Panjang island of the North Java Sea.A total of15 fungi were successfully isolated and screened usingoverlay method against pathogenic fungi Candida Albicans and Aspergillus flavus. The results revealed that a fungalsymbiont was able to inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi. Phytochemical tests showed that phenolic, triterpenoid and flavanoid compounds were detected within fungal extract. Molecular identification based on 18s rRNA gene showed that the active fungal was closely related to Aspergillus unguis

SKRINING SENYAWA ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK SPONS DARI PERAIRAN KUPANG, NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR

Bakteri Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus merupakan bakteri yang resisten terhadap antibiotik atau disebut Multi Drugs Resistance (MDR). Bakteri tersebut menimbulkan berbagai penyakit pada manusia dan hewan. Eksplorasi dan pengembangan sumber antibiotik baru sangat diperlukan, salah satunya yang berasal dari spons laut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ekstrak spons dari Perairan Kupang, Nusa Tenggara Timur yang memiliki potensi antibakteri tertinggi, serta mampu mengetahui jenis spons. Penelitian ini menggunakan cara ekstraksi dengan maserasi kemudian ekstrak diuji terhadap bakteri patogen. Ekstrak dengan zona hambat terbaik difraksinasi denganseparatory funnel dan Kromatografi Kolom Terbuka (KKT), kemudian diuji kembali aktivitas antibakterinya. Maserasi menghasilkan ekstrak kasar spons sebesar 0,48 % sampai dengan 5,19 %. Uji pendahuluan terhadap bakteri patogen menggunakan metode difusi agar menunjukkan bahwa spons K14-52 memiliki potensi antibakteri paling tinggi dengan zona hambat sebesar 10,43±0,26 mm terhadap bakteri E. coli dan 9,38±0,57 mm terhadap bakteri S. aureus pada konsentrasi 500 μg/disk. Fraksinasi ekstrak dengan Kromatografi Kolom Terbuka (KKT) menghasilkan empat fraksi dan diuji aktivitas antibakterinya pada konsentrasi 100 μg/disk, 50 μg/disk, dan 25 μg/disk. Fraksi 2 menghasilkan zona hambat tertinggi sebesar 10,9±0,02 mm terhadap bakteri E. coli dan 9,62±0,31 mm terhadap bakteri S. aureus pada konsentrasi 100 μg/disk. Visualisasi KLT menggunakan Vanilin asam sulfat dan Ninhydrin menunjukkan bahwa fraksi 2 mengandung golongan senyawa asam lemak dan alkaloid. Identifikasi secara makroskopis dan mikroskopis menunjukkan bahwa spons K14-52 masuk dalam kelas Demospongia, dengan spesies Rhabdastrella globostellata. Spons tersebut memiliki makrosklera monoaxon spikula (Hastate oxea, Centrotylote oxea, Fusiform oxea) dan mikrosklera tetraxon spikula Oxyaster. Kata Kunci : Antibakteri, Spons, Difusi agar, Identifikasi Spons

Antibacterial Activity Symbiotic Fungi of Marine Sponge Axinella sp., Aspergillus Sydowii on Four Growth Medium

Many infectious diseases caused by Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus which turned into a resistant pathogen. A symbiotic fungi of marine sponge Axinella sp., Aspergillus sydowii from the waters of Riung, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia showed antibacterial activity, cultured on the four media, MEB (ST), Noni Juice Media (MG), avocado leaves media (AL), and Soursop leaves media (SR). The symbiotic fungi was cultured for 14 days on each media. The largest weight of symbiotic fungi biomass on ST media 138,95gr and at least 99,12gr of AL media. Purification of bioactive compound is carried out using separatory funnel, and column chromatography. The highest rendemen of extracts on SR media was 3,67%, while the lowest in ST media was 1,22%. The bioactive test used diffusion agar method. Fungi extracts from four mediums have bioactivity against, E. coli and S. aureus. The biggest inhibition zone obtained from the extract of MG KN-15-3-1-3, with inhibition zone 10.71mm and 10.98mm against E. coli and S. aureus