A Cross-cohort Description of Young People’s Housing Experience in Britain over 30 Years: An Application of Sequence Analysis

Methods. Sequence Analysis supported by Event History Analysis. Key Findings. Despite only 12 years separating both cohorts, the younger 1970 cohort exhibited very different patterns of housing including a slower progression out of the parental home and into stable tenure, and an increased reliance on privately rented housing. Returns to the parental home occurred across the twenties and into the thirties in both cohorts, although occurred more frequently and were more concentrated among certain groups in the 1970 cohort compared to the 1958 cohort. Although fewer cohort members in the 1970 cohort experienced social housing, and did so at a later age, social housing was also associated with greater tenure immobility in this younger cohort. Conclusions. The housing experiences of the younger cohort became associated with more unstable tenure (privately rented housing) for the majority. Leaving the parental home was observed to be a process, as opposed to a one-off event, and several returns to the parental home were documented, more so for the 1970 cohort. These findings are not unrelated, and in the current environment of rising house prices, collapses in the (youth) labour market and rising costs of higher education, are likely to increase in prevalence across subsequent cohorts

Investigation of Vandal Behavior of the Social Situation in the Territory in the Period of Destruction

The article describes modern types and risks of vandalism in cities environment. Vandal activity in cities is steadily increasing (Mursalieva, 2017). New types of vandalism appear in streets of megalopolises, where involvement in crime communications tends to 70%. Surveyed townspeople often do not see anything reprehensible in perfect vandalism, like graffiti and product logos, to use municipal and private property for their messages. Graffiti on a municipal building, trampled lawns, broken garbage bin on the street is not considered something unusual, it’s public goods and it seems to be a draw. Perception of spoiling becomes a habitual norm. However, the alternative consequences for the citizens-spectators and the actors themselvesconstitute serious risks for socialization, mental and physical health, a sense of well-being. Vandalism is also active as a marketing communication, in which ads are placed in the city’s space without the consent of the owner of the building, which causes anxiety of the owner and users of the premises and the territory as a whole. We analysed more than 3 thousand objects damaged by vandals in the megacity of Yekaterinburg, which is located in the center of Russia and includes 7 districts. 1.5 million residents live in elite housing and old low-budget homes. Even well-protected residential complexes have graffiti. However, in low-density areas there is more graffiti as a criminal communication. Keywords: vandalism, destruction of the social situation, territory, economic of vandalism, economic behavior

Geographical inequalities in England on the eve of the pandemic

This briefing forms part of the Nuffield Foundation funded research programme, Social Policies and Distributional Outcomes in a Changing Britain (SPDO), which examines social policies and social inequalities between the General Election in May 2015 and early 2020, the eve of the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis presented in this briefing note builds on a previous CASE paper, which highlighted how geographical inequalities extend beyond economic outcomes and are apparent across multiple social policy areas, and argued that focussed attention on examining geographical inequalities is needed. This brief reports on the findings from the programme on geographical inequalities in social policy outcomes, concentrating on small neighbourhood deprivation and English regions, across domains of living standards, education, health, and adult social care. The findings are reported by region and by neighbourhood deprivation separately, since more nuanced analysis of the intersection of region and neighbourhood was beyond the scope of the programme

Attitudes towards family and marriage in time and context: using two British birth cohorts for comparison

With dramatic changes in family-related behaviours in the past 50 years, there has been an increasing awareness and acceptance of different family arrangements. Subsequently, measuring and studying people’s attitudes towards issues such as commitment to marriage, acceptance of alternative family forms, parental separation and gender roles has gained a lot of attention among those working in the fields of sociology, social psychology and demography. The majority of studies examining the relationship between family-related attitudes and behaviour have focused on either the selection or adaptation effects of attitudes, with fewer (particularly of those using British data) specifically addressing the possibility of both processes taking place. This study’s main goal is to address the latter using the data of two British cohorts born 12 years apart: the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS) and the 1958 National Child Development Study (NCDS). The cohort’s attitudes are measured by a scale consisting of three items which relate to: marriage being a lifelong commitment, a divorce being easily obtainable these days and the acceptability of parental separation. This work adopts the perspective of value orientation and life course position which implies a recursive nature of attitudes and behaviour whereby behaviour is influenced by people’s values (the selection effect of attitudes) and these values, in turn, adjust following changes in people’s circumstances (the adaptation effect of attitudes). The availability of attitude statements at two time points for each cohort (at age 26 and 30 for BCS; at age 33 and 42 for NCDS) and rich partnership history data allows for such analyses to be carried out as the order of events can be established. Firstly, this research utilises bivariate and multivariate techniques to investigate the determinants of attitudes. Further, it implements regression analyses to explore the relationships between attitude scores and: a) transition to first marriage for non-cohabiting cohort members (BCS and NCDS); b) transition to first marriage of cohabiting cohort members (BCS) and c) dissolution of first marriage (NCDS). The main findings show some evidence of both the selection and adaptation effects of attitudes in relation to marital transitions for both cohorts, indicating the importance of attitudes in shaping people’s behaviour and at the same time showing the tendency of attitudes to change in line with an individual’s personal circumstances

A cross-cohort description of young people's housing experience in Britain over 30 years: An application of Sequence Analysis

Methods. Sequence Analysis supported by Event History Analysis. Key Findings. Despite only 12 years separating both cohorts, the younger 1970 cohort exhibited very different patterns of housing including a slower progression out of the parental home and into stable tenure, and an increased reliance on privately rented housing. Returns to the parental home occurred across the twenties and into the thirties in both cohorts, although occurred more frequently and were more concentrated among certain groups in the 1970 cohort compared to the 1958 cohort. Although fewer cohort members in the 1970 cohort experienced social housing, and did so at a later age, social housing was also associated with greater tenure immobility in this younger cohort. Conclusions. The housing experiences of the younger cohort became associated with more unstable tenure (privately rented housing) for the majority. Leaving the parental home was observed to be a process, as opposed to a one-off event, and several returns to the parental home were documented, more so for the 1970 cohort. These findings are not unrelated, and in the current environment of rising house prices, collapses in the (youth) labour market and rising costs of higher education, are likely to increase in prevalence across subsequent cohorts.Housing, Young People, Sequence Analysis, Housing Tenure

The Coalition's record on under fives: policy, spending and outcomes 2010-2015

The Government's strategy for improving social mobility emphasised the importance of early childhood. Against a backdrop of tightening austerity, what happened in practice to children's services, family incomes and early child development

No such thing as a free lunch? Exploring the consistency, validity, and uses of the 'Free School Meals' (FSM) measure in the National Pupil Database

This working paper discusses and synthesises existing literature on correspondences between attribution of Free School Meals (FSM) status in the National Pupil Database (NPD) and family income-level and other circumstances. It then presents new descriptive comparisons of FSM status as recorded in the Reception year of primary school, and other recorded child, national, and area-level factors. Compounding known issues with patterns of under-recording in the NPD of FSM-entitled children, changing criteria for entitlement to FSM, and fuzziness in definition and usage – in terms of what recorded FSM status is assumed to represent – findings here indicate that the compositions of the FSM vs non-FSM-ascribed groups have changed over time. They suggest moreover that the relationships between area-level factors and FSM attribution may also have altered over the past decade, and point to increased under-ascription of children from low-income families / families living in poverty. The potential consequences of these findings for mapping of ‘gaps’ in time series comparing FSM and non-FSM-attributed children and for evaluation (and perhaps formulation) of targeted policies and interventions are discussed. Implications of differential attributions of FSM status within a system where ascription is not straightforward nor entirely ‘accurate’ but where it is deterministic of experiences and outcomes begin to be explored, laying the foundations for further research

Public and private welfare activity in England

This paper is the latest in a series of publications documenting the shifting boundaries of private and public welfare activity for the years 1979/80, 1995/96, 1999/00 and 2007/08, and now 2013/14. It records who finances, delivers and controls expenditure within the different welfare sectors: Health, Social Care, Education, Housing, and Income Maintenance (including pensions). We find that during the most recent period between 2007/08 and 2013/14, there has been further decline in the proportion of welfare activity that is publicly funded, controlled and provided and an increase in the proportion of privately funded, controlled and provided activity – a continuation of the trend from the earlier periods. While there has been a significant real increase in the total welfare spending, it mostly was due to the rapid increase in the privately financed and provided welfar

The Conservatives' record on compulsory education: spending, policies and outcomes in England, May 2015 to pre-COVID 2020

This paper reviews education policy in England for the period since the Conservative Government took office in 2015 to the eve of COVID-19 pandemic. We consider the effects of policies on the school system, teachers, curriculum and assessment as well as public spending. We also examine trends in outcomes (attainment, participation and exclusions), placing particular emphasis on socio-economic and spatial inequalities