Regional Standards on Action against Transnational Organised Crime

This Chapter analyses the development of regional standards relating to action against organised crime, with a particular focus on European Union Law. It begins with an analysis of core principles of approximation of national criminal laws and procedures and mutual recognition of judicial decision. It will be shown that the EU and its Member States have been instrumental in promoting these principles. The Chapter continues with the analysis of core obligations established by the relevant legal instruments which mirrors the discussions of the international standards in the previous Chapter. The important international obligations and standards are indeed implemented through European Union Law, thereby demonstrating a degree of synergy among the different levels of governance, although it becomes simultaneously evident that the measures adopted under the European Union Law are more advanced and progressive than those under the UNTOC. Finally, protection and promotion of human rights will be explored. While the EU and its Member States have made some progress in this area, the European Convention of Human Rights 1950 continues to play a significant role in this regard

Serbia's Action against Transnational Organised Crime

This article examines the extent to which Serbia has implemented relevant international standards on action against transnational organised crime contained in the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime 2000. The first part explores key obligations with particular reference to prohibition of substantive offences, intelligence-led law enforcement (special investigative techniques), confiscation of criminal proceeds, as well as international law enforcement cooperation. The second part of the article analyses how these obligations are implemented by Serbia in reality by examining legislative frameworks as well as law enforcement practices. The main conclusion is that, while Serbia has taken some steps to implement international standards with a view to enhancing individual and collective actions against transnational organised crime, effective law enforcement is hampered by issues such as corruption and a lack of expertise, experience and resources

Left Atrial Strain Provides Incremental Value for Embolism Risk Stratification over CHA2DS2-VASc Score and Indicates Prognostic Impact in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation.

学位記番号:医博甲153

Regional Standards on Action against Transnational Organised Crime

This Chapter analyses the development of regional standards relating to action against organised crime, with a particular focus on European Union Law. It begins with an analysis of core principles of approximation of national criminal laws and procedures and mutual recognition of judicial decision. It will be shown that the EU and its Member States have been instrumental in promoting these principles. The Chapter continues with the analysis of core obligations established by the relevant legal instruments which mirrors the discussions of the international standards in the previous Chapter. The important international obligations and standards are indeed implemented through European Union Law, thereby demonstrating a degree of synergy among the different levels of governance, although it becomes simultaneously evident that the measures adopted under the European Union Law are more advanced and progressive than those under the UNTOC. Finally, protection and promotion of human rights will be explored. While the EU and its Member States have made some progress in this area, the European Convention of Human Rights 1950 continues to play a significant role in this regard

Design of integrated scanning laser Doppler velocitmeter using arrayed waveguide gratings

AbstractAn integrated scanned differential LDV has been proposed using planar lightwave circuit (PLC) technology. By using the proposed LDV, the measurement position can be scanned in depth direction without any mechanical movement. The PLC technology is utilized in the proposed design for achieving a compact optical circuit. The characteristics of the proposed LDV are simulated with a design model based on grating equations for AWGs. The simulation result reveals that the measurement position can be changed over the range of 46 mm in the depth direction without mechanical movement when the displacement between output sides of two waveguide arrays is 30 mm