INTER AND INTRA SENTENTIAL ERRORS IN THE WRITTEN COMPOSITION OF ARAB EFL LEARNERS / ERREURS INTER ET INTRA PROPOSITIONNELLES DANS LES ORDINATEURS DES ÉTUDIANTS ARABES QUI ÉTUDIENT L’ANGLAIS / ERORI INTER ŞI INTRA PROPOZIŢIONALE ÎN COMPUNERILE STUDENŢILOR ARABI CARE STUDIAZĂ LIMBA ENGLEZĂ

Teachers of EFL often claim that reading, writing and grammar are emphasized more than listening and speaking. However, when one looks in detail at high school student’s writing experience in Jordan, we find that it has been mainly at the sentence level. Students enter universities with little or no experience in producing paragraphs or essays. The university task is to take students through the tedious process of paragraph and essay writing (Markline &Issacson 1987, Reid & Lidstorm 1985, Silva 1990, Fawset & Sandberg 1996, etc). Cognitive maturity is, yet, a metalinguistic problem that teachers have to take into consideration in teaching writing (Flavell 1985, Devine &Boshoff 1993, Kasper 1998). This paper aims at investigating some problems at both the micro and the macro levels of texts produced by Arab EFL learners. At the micro level the study will be limited to the problem of lexis and lexical choice. At the macro level the study will high light problems related to run-on sentences, reference relations, tense sequencing and logical organization. This study attempts to shed light on a more serious problem pertaining to discourse and cognitive development posed by the texts produces. The paper concludes with pedagogical implications, suggestions and recommendations for the teaching of writing to EFL learners

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor deficiency causes the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease through the integration of multiple pathogenic mechanisms

Emphysema, a component of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by irreversible alveolar destruction that results in a progressive decline in lung function. This alveolar destruction is caused by cigarette smoke, the most important risk factor for COPD. Only 15%-20% of smokers develop COPD, suggesting that unknown factors contribute to disease pathogenesis. We postulate that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a receptor/transcription factor highly expressed in the lungs, may be a new susceptibility factor whose expression protects against COPD. Here, we report that Ahr-deficient mice chronically exposed to cigarette smoke develop airspace enlargement concomitant with a decline in lung function. Chronic cigarette smoke exposure also increased cleaved caspase-3, lowered SOD2 expression, and altered MMP9 and TIMP-1 levels in Ahr-deficient mice. We also show that people with COPD have reduced expression of pulmonary and systemic AHR, with systemic AHR mRNA levels positively correlating with lung function. Systemic AHR was also lower in never-smokers with COPD. Thus, AHR expression protects against the development of COPD by controlling interrelated mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. This study identifies the AHR as a new, central player in the homeostatic maintenance of lung health, providing a foundation for the AHR as a novel therapeutic target and/or predictive biomarker in chronic lung disease

Outcomes from elective colorectal cancer surgery during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

This study aimed to describe the change in surgical practice and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on mortality after surgical resection of colorectal cancer during the initial phases of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Stylistic Aspects in Arabic and English Translated Literary Texts: A Contrastive Study

The study aims at stylistically comparing selected excerpts of contemporary Arabic and English novels with their respective translations. A text of one thousand words in the source novel is randomly chosen, compared with the translated text and analysed in terms of lexical, syntactic and textual structure. The purpose is to identify and explain a number of general rules describing consistent patterns of stylistic change which occur during translation of literary work from Arabic to English and vice versa.Dans cet article, l'auteur compare d'un point de vue stylistique des extraits de textes traduits de l'arabe à l'anglais et inversement. Chacun des extraits est analysé sur le plan lexical, syntaxique et textuel afin de dégager des règles généralisables dans le domaine de la traduction littéraire arabe/anglais

The Behavior Of Non-Terms In Shaba Swahili A Relational Approach

This paper is an attempt to examine the behavior of Non-Terms in Shaba Swahili within the framework of Relational Grammar. The behavior of Non-Terms will be discussed with reference to several syntactic processes such as Passivization, Relativization, Raising, and the interaction of these processes in simple as well as complex sentences. We will argue that (1) Non-Terms in Swahili can be relativized and passivized; (2) Non-Terms, like Terms, can undergo direct Passivization and Relativization. That is they can be promoted to subject position without undergoing locative instrumental to 3 to 2 to 1 advancement; (3) Non-Terms can relativize intersentencially in complex passive and relative clauses and still control agreement in the embedded clause; (4) Passivization and Relativization of Non-Terms move the whole locative/ instrumental phrase; and (5) a resumptive pronoun is obligatorily retained only in cases that involve Relativization of instruments

Impact of a domestic wastewater treatment plant on groundwater pollution, north Jordan

An assessment of groundwater pollution in the area surrounding a domestic wastewater treatment plant in northern Jordan has been carried out. Groundwater in the study area is classified as alkaline earth water with increased portions of alkalis and prevailing chloride, tending to shift to alkaline water with the dominance of chloride. This trend indicates mixing between the two end members of fresh Ca2+-HCO3 - water and saline Na+-Cl - water. Spatially, the highest concentrations of the hydrochemical parameters were found in close proximity of the Al Ramtha Wastewater Treatment Plant (RWWTP). Nitrate, which is the most common human-introduced pollutant into groundwater resources, was used to evaluate pollution of phreatic groundwater in the study area. Its concentration (as NO3 �) ranges between 1 mg/L and 366 mg/L, with an average of 79 mg/L. A total of 71% of the samples present nitrate concentrations exceeding the threshold value for anthropogenic sources (20 mg/L), and more than 50% in excess of World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking water (50 mg/L). The most important factors affecting the magnitude of groundwater pollution are depth to groundwater table, aquifer transmissivity (hydraulic conductivity), lineaments density, and distance from treatment plant with calculated correlation coefficients of -0.51, 0.65, 0.70, and -0.75 to nitrate concentration, respectively.Se llevó a cabo una evaluación de la contaminación del acuífero en el área que rodea una planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales domésticas en el norte de Jordania. El agua de este acuífero se clasifica como alcalina-térrea con proporciones de álcalis que se incrementan, prevaleciendo los cloruros, y con tendencia a cambiar a agua alcalina con predominio de cloruros. Esta tendencia indica una mezcla entre dos miembros de agua Ca2+-HCO3 - y agua salina de Na+-Cl -. Espacialmente, las concentraciones más altas de los parámetros hidroquímicos se encontraron en las cercanías de la planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales Al Ramtha (RWWTP, por sus siglas en inglés). El nitrato, que es el contaminante más común introducido por el hombre en los recursos acuíferos, fue usado para evaluar la contaminación del acuífero en el área de estudio. Su concentración (como NO3 �) varía entre 1 mg/L y 366 mg/L, con un promedio de 79 mg/L. Setenta y un porciento de las muestras presenta concentraciones que exceden el valor de umbral para fuentes antropogénicas (20 mg/L), y más del 50% excede los estándares para agua potable (50 mg/L) según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Los factores más importantes que afectan la magnitud de la contaminación de los acuíferos son la profundidad del nivel freático, la transmisividad del acuífero (conductividad hidráulica), densidad de alineamientos y distancia de la planta de tratamiento, con coeficientes calculados de correlación con la concentración de nitratos de -0.51, 0.65, 0.70 y -0.75, respectivament

Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Awassi-Jo sheep breed (Ovis aries) in Jordan

Using high-throughput sequencing technology, the complete mitochondrial genome of Awassi-Jo breed (Ovis aries) was decoded. Mitochondrial genome was 16,617 bp in length. The genome contained 37 genes (13 protein-coding, 22 tRNA, and 2 rRNA) and a control region (D-loop region). The genes were encoded on the H-strand, except for the ND6 gene and 8 tRNA genes, which were encoded on the L-strand. The GC content is 38.9%. Phylogenetic analysis was performed to compare Awassi-Jo with other sheep breeds. The phylogenetic tree showed that Awassi-Jo diverged earlier than related breeds (Turkey, Italy, Germany, and Netherland) with a common ancestor in haplogroup HB. The results revealed the importance of mitochondrial data in studying sheep evolution and domestication

Complete chloroplast genome sequence of historical olive (Olea europaea subsp. europaea) cultivar Mehras, in Jordan

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Olea europaea subsp. europaea cultivar Mehras was determined using high-throughput sequencing technology. Chloroplast genome was 155,897 bp in length, containing a pair of 25,742 bp inverted repeat (IR) regions, which were separated by large and small single-copy regions (LSC and SSC) of 86,622 and 17,791 bp, respectively. The chloroplast genome contained 130 genes (85 protein-coding, 37 tRNA, and eight rRNA). GC content was 37.8%. We performed phylogenetic analysis with other isolates. The analysis showed that O. e. subsp. europaea cultivar Mehras has an ancient common ancestor with cultivated olives in Italy, Spain, and Cyprus

Microbiological analysis, antimicrobial activity, and heavy-metals content of Jordanian Ma'in hot-springs water

Ma'in hot springs are known as sites of balneotherapy. However, little is known about their microbiology and chemistry. In this study, we aim at evaluating the antimicrobial activity of Ma'in hot-springs water (MHSW), studying its microbiology, and determining its physicochemical properties including the heavy metals content. Therefore, water samples were collected from Ma'in hot springs and tested for antimicrobial activity using agar diffusion method. Water was then cultivated on nutrient agar to isolate and identify the dominant bacteria by chemical and molecular methods. The identified strains were tested by cross streak method to evaluate their antimicrobial activity against different clinical and standard strains. Finally, water samples were chemically analyzed and the heavy-metals content was assessed. Results revealed that MHSW was not active against any of the clinical isolates. Nevertheless, MHSW was found to be active against five standard bacterial strains, namely, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 (inhibition zone: 20 mm), Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 (inhibition zone: 19 mm), Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341 (inhibition zone: 15.3 mm), and Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 (inhibition zone: 12.3 mm). After cultivation of MHSW, five bacterial isolates were obtained and identified based on 16S rRNA gene analysis as new strains of Anoxybacillus flavithermus (identity percentage ranges between 96–99%). Physicochemical analysis revealed that the in situ temperature was 59 °C, pH was 7.8, salinity was 1.6 ppt, and dissolved oxygen was 3.8 mg l−1. In respect to heavy-metals content in MHSW, the following metals were present in the order: Cr (0.571 ppm) > Mn(0.169 ppm) > Fe (0.124 ppm) > Zn (0.095) > Cu(0.070 ppm) > Ni(0.058 ppm) > Cd (0.023 ppm) > Pb (0 ppm). Cd, Cr, Ni and Mn were found to be higher than permissible levels set by international organizations and countries. This study highlights new chemical and microbiological data about Ma'in hot springs. Keywords: Ma'in hot springs, Antimicrobial activity, Heavy metals, Water microbiology, Thermophilic bacteria, Balneotherap