Incorporation du coprah et des cuticules de cacao et d’arachide dans l’aliment du (tilapia du nil( (Oreohromis niloticus, linné, 1758) eleve en etang : Effet sur la croissance et la composition biochimique

Dans le but de réduire le coût de l’alimentation du tilapia en élevage, quatre aliments exogènes pulvérulents dont un industriel (Ivograin) servant de référence (AR) et trois tests locaux (A1, A2 et A3) formulés uniquement à base de sous-produits locaux ont été utilisés. La composition de base des aliments tests est : A1 (cuticules de de fève de cacao, son de maïs, tourteaux de soja et coton) ; A2 (cuticules de graine d’arachide, son de maïs, tourteaux de soja et coton) et A3 (tourteaux de coprah, soja et coton et son de maïs). Tous les aliments titrent environ 28 % de protéines. L’expérience est conduite à la ferme « Blondey » (Côte d’Ivoire) sur des juvéniles de Oreochromis niloticus d’un poids initial de 33,3 ± 0,4 g. Des juvéniles ne recevant pas d’aliment exogène ont servi de lot témoin (At) pour apprécier l’effet de l’aliment endogène. La densité de stockage était de 2 poissons/m2. Trois étangs par traitement ont été utilisés. La ration journalière a été distribuée à 9 h et à 15 h. Après 180 jours d’expérience, les poids moyens finaux ont atteint des valeurs respectives de 273,42 ± 26g ; 295,08 ± 18,5 g ; 352,1 ± 20,7g ; 309,38 ± 22,3 g et 101,06 ± 4 g pour A3, A2, A1, AR et At. Au niveau des aliments exogènes, le meilleur quotient nutritif (Qn= 2,22) et de croissance journalière (1,77 g/jour) ont été obtenus avec A1. Le plus grand Qn (2,88) et la plus faible croissance journalière (1,33g /jour) sont enregistrés avec A3. La comparaison de tous les lots indique que la plus faible croissance (0,38 g/jour) est enregistrée chez les poissons non nourris à l’aliment exogène (At). Les lipides corporels (16 - 17 %) sont plus élevés chez les poissons nourris aux aliments tests que ceux des lots de référence (14 %) et témoins (13 %). Par rapport à l’aliment AR, les aliments tests réduisent le coût de revient de l’aliment et le coût de l’alimentation par unité de prise de poids de 15 - 18 % et 3,1 - 27,4 %, respectivement.Mots clés : Aliments, arachide, cacao, coprah, cuticules, Oreochromis niloticusEnglish AbstractIncorporation of coconut oil cake, cocoa bean shell and peanut skin in diet for nile tilapia (Oreohromis niloticus, linné, 1758) reared in pond : Effect on growth and biochemical compositionIn order to reduce feeding cost of rearing tilapia, four powdered diets including an industrial product (Ivograin) (as reference = AR) and three practical diets (A1, A2 and A3) formulated using local by-products were used. Formulated diets were designated as A1 (cocoa bean shell, corn bran, soybean oil cake, cottonseeds oil cake, premix), A2 (peanut skin, corn bran, soybean oil cake, cottonseeds oil cake, premix) and A3 (corn bran, soybean oil cake, cottonseeds oil cake and coconut oil cake). The four diets contained approximately 28 % crude protein. The experiment was carried out at farm « Blondey » (Ivory Coast) on fingerlings Oreochromis niloticus with an initial body weight of 33.3 ± 0.4g. In addition, fingerlings non-fed with exogenous diet were used as control group to assess the impact of the natural food. The used stocking density was 2 fish/m2. Three replicate ponds were assigned to each of the treatment. Fish were fed twice daily (9.00 h and 15.00 h). After 180 days of experiment, the final body weight observed were respectively 273.42 ± 26 ; 295.08 ± 18.5 ; 352.1 ± 20,7 ; 309.38 ± 22.3 g and 101.06 ± 4 g for A3, A2, A1, AR and At. Considering the four diets (A1, A2, A3 and AR), the best daily weight gain (1.77 g/day) and feed conversion ratio (2.22) were obtained with A1 which were significantly different (p < 0.05) from values obtained for the other groups. The poorest weight gain (1.33 g/day) and the highest feed conversion ratio (2.88) were recorded for A3. The comparison of all groups (A1, A2, A3, AR and At) revealed that the poorest value of the daily weight gain (1.33 g/day) was recorded for the control group (At). Fat deposition was highest (16 - 17 %) in fish fed practical diets, while fish fed diets AR and control fish (At) recorded respectively (14 %) and (13 %). Practical diets reduced the feed cost and feeding cost per unit of weight gain by 15 - 18 % and 3.1 - 27.4 %, respectively.Keywords : Diets, peanut skin, cocoa bean shell, coconut oil cake, Oreochromis niloticu

Synthesis and anthelmintic activity of some hybrid Benzimidazolyl-chalcone derivatives

Purpose: To synthesize hybrid benzimidazolyl-chalcone derivatives, evaluate their anthelmintic activity, and establish some structural elements which could lead to induction and enhancement of this activity.Methods: A series of 1-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-3-aryl-2-propen-1-one compounds (6a-z) was synthesized by condensation reaction of 2-acetylbenzimidazole with aryl and heteroaryl aldehyde derivatives. The physicochemical characterization of these benzimidazolyl-chalcones was carried out by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H and 13C NMR) and mass spectroscopy (MS). All compounds were screened in vitro for their nematicidal activity against Haemonchus contortus in larval development assay. The anthelmintic activities obtained were compared with those of anthelmintic reference drugs (fenbendazole and ivermectin); 1,3-diphenyl-2-propen-1-one also used as reference for chalcone.Results: Compounds 6a, 6g, 6w and 6y showed good nematicidal activity (LC100) at 0.002 and 0.0092 μg/ml. The activity of these four benzimidazolyl-chalcones is nearly equal to that of fenbendazole. It is also interesting to know that these compounds have anti-haemonchus activity which is equal or more efficient than ivermectin. Four other compounds (6d, 6h, 6o and 6t) possess interesting anthelmintic activities at 0.68 and 0.16 μg/ml.Conclusion: Preliminary structure-activity relationship studies revealed that arylpropenone group in position 2 of the benzimidazole ring can be considered as new pharmacophore for nematicidal activity.Keywords: Benzimidazole, Chalcone, Anthelmintic activity, Haemonchus contortu

Production de l’arachide : Quelle contribution a la securite alimentaire dans le departement de dianra (Cote d’Ivoire)

Le développement des cultures commerciales dans les pays en  développement constitue un enjeu important pour les questions  alimentaires des populations. Dans un contexte d’expansion des cultures d’exportation, l’arachide (Arachis hypogaea L.) dans le département de Dianra a connu un développement important depuis les années 1960. Quel est dans un tel environnement, la contribution de l’arachide à la sécurité alimentaire ? Cet article a donc pour objectif d’analyser la contribution de l’arachide à la sécurité alimentaire dans le département de Dianra. Pour l’acquisition des données, une recherche documentaire a été réalisée suivie d’une enquête de terrain auprès des producteurs. Les données ont permis de voir que les exploitations d’arachide dont la moyenne est d’un  demihectare sont détenues à 74% par des femmes dans la zone d’étude. La production qui sert d’abord à avoir des revenus est pour l’essentiel tournée vers les marchés et le revenu moyen obtenu de cette vente est de 112000 FCFA. L’arachide est récolté pendant la période de soudure et les revenus obtenus permettent de faire face aux difficultés alimentaires de cette période par l’achat de riz ou de maïs et aussi à l’amélioration des accompagnements des repas.Mots-clés : Côte d’Ivoire, Dianra, sécurité alimentaire, femme, soudure alimentaireEnglish Title: Production of the peanut : What contribution to food security in the Department of Dianra (Côte d’Ivoire)The development of commercial crops in developing countries is an  important issue for food issues of populations. In a context of expansion of export crops, the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in the Department of Dianra has experienced an important development since the 1960s. What is in such an environment, the contribution of the peanuts to the food safety? This article therefore has the purpose to analyze the contribution of the peanuts to food security in the Department of Dianra. For the acquisition of data, a literature search was conducted followed by a survey of field with the producers. The data have allowed to see that the farms of peanut whose average is a half hectare are held to 74% by women in the study area. The production which is first used to have income is for the essential turned to the markets and the average income obtained from this sale is 112000 FCFA. The peanut is harvested during the period of the weld and the revenues obtained allow to cope with food difficulties of this period by the purchase of rice or maize, and also to the improvement of theaccompaniments of the meal.Key words : Côte d’Ivoire, Dianra, food security, women, food wel

Potentiel en biogaz des résidus agropastoraux et des excréments humains du bassin versant du fleuve Sassandra (Côte d’Ivoire)

La potentialité en biogaz des excréments humains et des résidus agropastoraux du bassin versant du fleuve Sassandra (BVS) a été évaluée à partir des statistiques agricoles et de la population, ainsi que des indicesde productivité de biogaz. Egalement, la mise en oeuvre des technologies de production de biogaz dans ledit bassin a été analysée. Le BVS renferme un potentiel énergétique total de 604,2 x 106 m3 de biogaz. Ce potentiel est supérieur aux besoins énergétiques annuels du monde rural en Côte d’Ivoire (1 800 GWh). Cependant, celui-ci est inégalement réparti entre les localités. En considérant les différents résidus, la contribution desrésidus agricoles (541 x 106 m3) est plus importante par rapport à celle des déchets d’élevages (45,7 x 106 m3) et celle des excréments humains (17,5 x 106 m3). La complexité de gestion des digesteurs utilisant des résidus agricoles solides ne permet pas de les conseiller pour les productions domestiques de biogaz. Toutefois, des unités industrielles peuvent être installées à Soubré, Daloa et Issia où des quantités élevées de résidus agricoles sont générées. Par ailleurs, de petites unités décentralisées de production de biogaz peuvent être installées dansles petites localités pour exploiter les résidus d’élevages.Mots clés: Agriculture, biogaz, élevage, production, résidus, Sassandra

Financing and Marketing Horticultural Products in Ghana: The Prospects for Export Growth

The objective of this study was to analyze the horticultural sub-sector in Ghana. Specifically, the study documented and evaluated the current and potential role of the horticultural sub-sector as the expansion of non-traditional exports (NTEs) is promoted to relieve foreign exchange scarcity. Horticultural crops are defined as all fruits and vegetables as well as root crops, flowers, and ornamental crops. Pineapples, vegetables (Asian-type and others), and yams received particular attention because of their promising potential for expansion and hence their strategic importance in contributing to the country's agricultural export diversification policy. This study utilized the modified agri-business subsector framework established by researchers at the Ohio State University to determine the marketing arrangements, the nature of the firms, and the coordinating mechanisms chosen to facilitate the flow of commodities in the horticultural subsector. Under the modified subsector approach, fmancial and informational markets are specifically included when analyzing the physical flow of commodities. Transaction cost theory is used to analyze how asset specificity, uncertainty, and access to finance and information are the major determinants of institutional arrangements in production and marketing. The results revealed that several heterogeneous participants are involved in financing and marketing horticultural products in Ghana. The financial arrangements used in the subsector are dominated by self-finance with funds obtained from friends and family, retained earnings from other businesses, or participation in informal groups such as susu clubs or susu collectors. Supplier credits flow freely from the fanner all the way to the importer. However, formal finance is confined almost exclusively to well established large exporters. While finance is a constraint for many exporters of horticultural products in Ghana, it is not as large a constraint as the lack of infrastructure, research and development, and adequate government policies which contribute more towards giving exporters the competitive edge required in world markets. Ghana's recent impressive economic performance is still dependent on a continued increase in agricultural exports. The horticultural subsector appears to offer good prospects for continued growth and foreign exchange earnings once the major constraints have been eliminated

Financing Horticultural Exports in Sub-Saharan Africa

Several countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have engaged in structural adjustment and financial sector reforms to either establish or strengthen their financing facilities. Unfortunately, the liberalization of financial markets in these countries has had little direct impact on the expansion of horticultural exports. The purpose of this paper was to examine more closely the argument about credit constraints and identify possible ways to improve the supply of financial services for horticultural exports in SSA countries. The data are drawn from case studies conducted by the Ohio State University team in six SSA countries including Ghana, Madagascar, Rwanda, Swaziland, The Gambia and Uganda during 1993-94. The methodology in the case studies was limited to reviewing the large number of studies already available, and to supplement them with interviews with key informants involved in horticultural exports. The main conclusion that emerges from the country studies is that export financing is not the most important factor limiting export growth compared to removing policy distortions, poor infrastructure and weak support systems for entrepreneurs, and the demanding requirements for production and post-harvest technology including packaging, handling, and marketing

Les Altérations Hydrothermales Associées À La Minéralisation Aurifère Du Gisement De Dougbafla (District d’Oumé-Hiré, Centre-Ouest De La Côte d’Ivoire)

The Dougbafla gold deposit is located in the West-Central part of Côte d’Ivoire at about 240 km from Abidjan, on the Birimian greenstone belt of Fettèkro (West African craton). The lithologies of this deposit can be divided into three lithotectonic units which correspond to volcanic, sedimentary, and plutonic assemblages metamorphosed in the shale facies. Hydrothermalism, on the one hand, caused a pervasive alteration of the primary paragenesis marked by sericitic, silica, and carbonate alteration. On the other hand, it causes a vein alteration materialized by quartz veins. These hydrothermal alterations induced two types of gold mineralization in the Dougbafla deposit. These are: (i) disseminated gold and sulphide mineralization in the granophyre associated with sericite, silica and dolomite alteration in which no quartz vein has been reported; this type however is controlled by the intrusion of granophyre and (ii) a quartz vein mineralization controlled by deformation

Solar wind and geomagnetism: toward a standard classification of geomagnetic activity from 1868 to 2009

We examined solar activity with a large series of geomagnetic data from 1868 to 2009. We have revisited the geomagnetic activity classification scheme of Legrand and Simon (1989) and improve their scheme by lowering the minimum Aa index value for shock and recurrent activity from 40 to 20 nT. This improved scheme allows us to clearly classify about 80% of the geomagnetic activity in this time period instead of only 60% for the previous Legrand and Simon classification

Electrochemical oxidation of water on synthetic boron-doped diamond thin film anodes

Electrolysis in aqueous 1 M HClO4 and 1 M H2SO4 solutions has been carried out under galvanostatic conditions using boron-doped diamond electrodes (BDD). Analyses of the oxidation products have shown that in 1 M HClO4 the main reaction is oxygen evolution, while in H2SO4 the main reaction is the formation of H2S2O8. In both electrolytes small amounts of O3 and H2O2 are formed. Finally, a simplified mechanism involving hydroxyl radicals formed by water discharge has been proposed for water oxidation on boron-doped diamond anode