Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol�which is a marker of cardiovascular risk�changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95 credible interval 3.7 million�4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world. © 2020, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited

Phylogenetic Group Distribution Among Escherichia Coli Isolated From Rivers In São Paulo State, Brazil

The phylogenetic group distribution of Escherichia coli strains isolated from the Sorocaba and Jaguari Rivers located in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, is described. E. coli strains from group D were found in both rivers while one strain from group B2 was isolated from the Sorocaba river. These two groups often include strains that can cause extraintestinal diseases. Most of the strains analyzed were allocated into the phylogenetic groups A and B1, supporting the hypothesis that strains from these phylogenetic groups are more abundant in tropical areas. Though both rivers are located in urbanized and industrialized areas where the main source of water pollution is considered to derive from domestic sewage, our results suggest that the major sources of contamination in the sampling sites of both rivers might have originated from animals and not humans. © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.24815731577Carson, C.A., Shear, B.L., Ellersieck, M.R., Schnell, J.D., Comparison of ribotyping and repetitive extragenic palindromic-PCR for identification of fecal Escherichia coli from humans and animals (2003) Appl Environ Microbiol, 69, pp. 1836-1839. , 3(2004) Relatório de Qualidade de Águas Interiores Do Estado de São Paulo - 2003, , http://www.cetesb.sp.gov.br, CETESB, São PauloClermont, O., Bonacorsi, S., Bingen, E., Rapid and simple determination of the Escherichia coli phylogenetic group (2000) Appl Environ Microbiol, 66, pp. 4555-4558. , 10Dixit, S.M., Gordon, D.M., Wu, X.Y., Chapman, T., Kailasapathy, K., Chin, J.J.C., Diversity analysis of commensal porcine Escherichia coli-associations between genotypes and habitat in the porcine gastrointestinal tract (2004) Microbiology, 150, pp. 1735-1740Dobrindt, U., Agerer, F., Michaelis, K., Janka, A., Buchrieser, C., Samuelson, M., Svanborg, C., Hacker, J., Analysis of genome plasticity in pathogenic and commensal Escherichia coli isolates by use of DNA arrays (2003) J Bacteriol, 185, pp. 1831-1840Dombek, P.E., Johnson, L.K., Zimmerley, S.T., Sadowsky, M.J., Use of repetitive DNA sequences and the PCR to differentiate Escherichia coli isolates from human and animal sources (2000) Appl Environ Microbiol, 66, pp. 2572-2577Escobar-Parámo, P., Grenet, K., Le Menac'H, A., Rode, L., Salgado, E., Amorin, C., Gouriou, S., Ruimy, R., Large-scale population structure of human commensal Escherichia coli isolates (2004) Appl Environ Microbiol, 70, pp. 5698-5700. , 9Everitt, B.S., (1977) The Analysis of Contingency Tables, , Chapman & Hall LondonFienberg, S.E., (1978) The Analysis of Cross-classified Categorical Data, , MIT Press MassachussetsGauch, H.G.J., (1982) Multivariate Analysis in Community Ecology, , Cambridge University Press CambridgeGordon, D.M., Cowling, A., The distribution and genetic structure of Escherichia coli in Australian vertebrates: Host and geographic effects (2003) Microbiology, 149, pp. 3575-3586Goullet, P.H., Picard, B., Comparative esterase electrophoretic polymorphism of Escherichia coli isolates obtained from animal and human sources (1986) J Gen Microbiol, 132, pp. 1843-1851Herzer, P.J., Inouye, S., Inouye, M., Whittam, T.S., Phylogenetic distribution of branched RNA-linked multicopy single-stranded DNA among natural isolates of Escherichia coli (1990) J Bacteriol, 172, pp. 6175-6181Johnson, J.R., O'Bryan, T.T., Kuskowski, M.A., Maslow, J.N., Ongoing horizontal and vertical transmission of virulence genes and papA alleles among Escherichia coli blood isolates from patients with diverse source bacteremia (2001) Infect Immun, 69, pp. 5363-5374Johnson, J.R., Stell, A.L., Extended virulence genotypes of Escherichia coli strains from patients with urosepsis in relation to phylogeny and host compromise (2000) J Infect Dis, 181, pp. 261-272Kaper, J.B., Nataro, J.P., Mobley, H.L.T., Pathogenic Escherichia coli (2004) Nat Rev Microbiol, 2, pp. 123-140Müller, E.E., Ehlers, M.M., Grabow, W.O.K., The occurence of E. coli O157:H7 in South African water sources indended for direct and indirect human consuption (2001) Water Res, 35, pp. 3085-3088Nowrouzian, F.L., Wold, A.E., Adlerberth, I., Escherichia coli strains belonging to phylogenetic group B2 have superior capacity to persist in the intestinal microflora of infants (2005) J Infec Diseases, 191, pp. 1078-1083Ohno, A., Marui, A., Castro, E.S., Reyes, A.A.B., Elio-Calvo, D., Kasitani, H., Ishii, Y., Yamaguchi, K., Enteropathogenic bacteria in the la Paz River of Bolivia (1997) Am J Trop Med Hyg, 57, pp. 438-444Oksanen, J., Kindt, R., O'Hara, R.B., (2005) Vegan: Community Ecology Package Version 1.6-9, , http://cc.oulu.fi/~jarioksa/Parry, S.M., Palmer, S.R., The public health significance of VTEC O157 (2000) Symp Ser Soc Appl Microbiol, 88, pp. 1S-9SParveen, S., Portier, K.M., Robinson, K., Edmiston, L., Tamplim, M.I., Discriminant analysis of ribotype profiles of Escherichia coli for differentiating human and nonhuman sources of fecal pollution (1999) Appl Environ Microbiol, 65, pp. 3142-3147Picard, B., Garcia, J.S., Gouriou, S., Duriez, P., Brahimi, N., Bingen, E., Elion, J., Denamur, E., The link between phylogeny and virulence in Escherichia coli extraintestinal infection (1999) Infect Immun, 67, pp. 546-553Pupo, G.M., Karaolis, D.K.R., Lan, R., Reeves, P.R., Evolutionary relationships among pathogenic and nonpathogenic Escherichia coli strains inferred from multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and mdh sequence studies (1997) Infect Immun, 65, pp. 2685-2692. , 7(2005) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, , http://www.R-project.org, R Development Core Team R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0Russo, T.A., Johnson, J.R., Medical and economic impact of extraintestinal infections due to Escherichia coli: An overlooked epidemic (2003) Microbes Infect, 5, pp. 449-456Selander, R.K., Korhonen, T.K., Vaisanen-Rhen, V., Williams, P.H., Pattison, P.E., Caugant, D.A., Genetic relationships and clonal structure of strains of Escherichia coli causing neonatal septicemia and meningitis (1986) Infect Immun, 52, pp. 213-222Simiyu, K.W., Gathura, P.B., Kyule, M.N., Kanja, L.W., Ombui, J.N., Toxin production and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli river water isolates (1998) East Afr Med J, 75, pp. 699-702Ter Braak, C.J.F., Jongman, R.H.G., Ter Braak, C.J.F., Van Torgeren, O.F.R., Ordination (1995) Data Analysis in Community and Landscape Ecology, pp. 91-173. , Cambridge University Press CambridgeTurner, S.J., Lewis, G.D., Bellamy, A.R., A genomic polymorphysm located downstream of the gcvP gene of Escherichia coli that correlates with ecological niche (1997) Mol Ecol, 6, pp. 1019-1032Venables, W.N., Ripley, B.D., (2002) Modern Applied Statistics with S, , 4 Springer New YorkVinten, A.J.A., Lewis, D.R., McGechan, M., Duncan, A., Aitken, M., Hill, C., Crawford, C., Predicting the effect of livestock inputs of E. coli on microbiological compliance of bathing waters (2004) Water Res, 38, pp. 3215-322

O desencontro entre desejo e realidade: a "indústria" da cesariana entre mulheres de camadas médias no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Disagreement between desire and reality: cesarean "industry" among middle class women in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

O artigo apresenta resultados de uma pesquisa qualitativa que buscou apreender e compreender, através da percepção e experiência de mulheres de camadas médias, o desencontro entre o desejo pelo parto vaginal e o desfecho em cesariana. Quinze usuárias de planos privados de saúde foram entrevistadas sobre suas experiências e percepções relativas ao pré-natal e parto. Os resultados evidenciaram uma (sutil ou explícita) interferência do obstetra sobre a escolha das mulheres, influenciando o desfecho em cesariana e sugerindo que, para muitas mulheres, não está sendo possível escapar das "armadilhas" de um modelo biomédico mercantilizado, interventor e iatrogênico, institucionalizado e legitimado pela sociedade. A pesquisa pretende contribuir para ações que estimulem o exercício da cidadania feminina nos processos decisórios que envolvem as questões da saúde reprodutiva, preservando e garantindo a experiência do parto como um direito inalienável das mulheres, seus companheiros e familiares.<br>This paper presents results of a qualitative research that aimed to apprehend and understand, among middle class women´s perception and experience, the disagreement / distance / gap between primary vaginal labor option and a cesarean outcome. Fifteen women who had a private health insurance plan were interviewed about their experiences and perceptions related to their prenatal care and parturition process. Results showed a pervasive or explicit intervention of the obstetrician on women's choice, influencing on the cesarean outcome and suggesting that, for many women, it is still difficult to escape from the "trap" of the mercantilist, intervening and "iatrogenic" biomedical model, which is still firmly institutionalized and legitimated in our society. These results intend to collaborate with actions aimed to promote women's citizenship related to the right to make decisions on their reproductive choices, preserving and undertaking the parturition experience as unique and indefeasible right for all women, their partners and relatives

ATLAS probe: Breakthrough science of galaxy evolution, cosmology, Milky Way, and the Solar System

Astrophysics Telescope for Large Area Spectroscopy Probe is a concept for a National Aeronautics and Space Administration probe-class space mission that will achieve ground-breaking science in the fields of galaxy evolution, cosmology, Milky Way, and the Solar System. It is the follow-up space mission to Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST), boosting its scientific return by obtaining deep 1-4 \u3bcm slit spectroscopy for \ue21/470% of all galaxies imaged by the \ue21/42 000 deg 2 WFIRST High Latitude Survey at z &gt; 0.5. Astrophysics Telescope for Large Area Spectroscopy will measure accurate and precise redshifts for \ue21/4200 M galaxies out to z &lt; 7, and deliver spectra that enable a wide range of diagnostic studies of the physical properties of galaxies over most of cosmic history. Astrophysics Telescope for Large Area Spectroscopy Probe and WFIRST together will produce a 3D map of the Universe over 2 000 deg 2 , the definitive data sets for studying galaxy evolution, probing dark matter, dark energy and modifications of General Relativity, and quantifying the 3D structure and stellar content of the Milky Way. Astrophysics Telescope for Large Area Spectroscopy Probe science spans four broad categories: (1) Revolutionising galaxy evolution studies by tracing the relation between galaxies and dark matter from galaxy groups to cosmic voids and filaments, from the epoch of reionisation through the peak era of galaxy assembly; (2) Opening a new window into the dark Universe by weighing the dark matter filaments using 3D weak lensing with spectroscopic redshifts, and obtaining definitive measurements of dark energy and modification of General Relativity using galaxy clustering; (3) Probing the Milky Way's dust-enshrouded regions, reaching the far side of our Galaxy; and (4) Exploring the formation history of the outer Solar System by characterising Kuiper Belt Objects. Astrophysics Telescope for Large Area Spectroscopy Probe is a 1.5 m telescope with a field of view of 0.4 deg 2 , and uses digital micro-mirror devices as slit selectors. It has a spectroscopic resolution of R = 1 000, and a wavelength range of 1-4 \u3bcm. The lack of slit spectroscopy from space over a wide field of view is the obvious gap in current and planned future space missions; Astrophysics Telescope for Large Area Spectroscopy fills this big gap with an unprecedented spectroscopic capability based on digital micro-mirror devices (with an estimated spectroscopic multiplex factor greater than 5 000). Astrophysics Telescope for Large Area Spectroscopy is designed to fit within the National Aeronautics and Space Administration probe-class space mission cost envelope; it has a single instrument, a telescope aperture that allows for a lighter launch vehicle, and mature technology (we have identified a path for digital micro-mirror devices to reach Technology Readiness Level 6 within 2 yr). Astrophysics Telescope for Large Area Spectroscopy Probe will lead to transformative science over the entire range of astrophysics: From galaxy evolution to the dark Universe, from Solar System objects to the dusty regions of the Milky Way

ATLAS Probe: Breakthrough Science of Galaxy Evolution, Cosmology, Milky Way, and the Solar System

Galaxie