58 research outputs found

    Mobile, hÄndholdte enheter som plattform for semantisk vev-applikasjoner basert pÄ Äpne, offentlige data

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    Stadig flere offentlige data tilgjengeliggjÞres som fÞlge av det politiske fokuset som i Þkende grad rettes mot denne tematikken. Innovasjonspotensialet og den tilknyttede Þknomiske veksten er spesielt vektlagt som argument pÄ hvorfor vi trenger flere Äpne, offentlige data. Semantikart er en applikasjon, utviklet i forbindelse med masteroppgaven, hvor dette potensialet utnyttes. Semantikart er utviklet til bruk pÄ mobile, hÄndholdte enheter. Slike enheters stÞtte for innebygde verktÞy bidrar til nye muligheter for applikasjonsutvikling. Ved Ä kombinere mobilitet med verktÞy for lokalitetsstedfesting tilbys brukerne av Semantikart informasjon om ulike typer ting i geografisk nÊrhet av sin posisjon, eksempelvis turistattraksjoner eller ladestasjoner for elbil. Problemene som oppstÄr i forbindelse med utvikling av applikasjoner basert pÄ Äpne, offentlige data, knyttes fÞrst og fremst til de ulike mÄtene slike data er tilgjengeliggjort pÄ. Valget av formater og bruken av identifikatorer og representasjonsformer om de samme tingene varierer fra datasett til datasett. Gjennom semantiske vevteknologier tilbys en egnet mÄte Ä overkomme disse utfordringene pÄ. Offentlige data publiseres derfor i Þkende grad pÄ den semantiske veven, eksempelvis dataene Semantikart nyttiggjÞr seg av. Disse dataene er spredt blant ulike dataservere som Semantikart kommuniserer med, blant annet gjennom spÞrringer som henter data fra ulike kategorier innenfor et avgrenset geografisk omrÄde rundt applikasjonsbrukerens lokalitet

    Har ESG-vurdering en effekt pĂ„ risikojustert avkastning? : en analyse av de 100 stĂžrste selskapene i NBIM’s portefĂžlje

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    FormÄlet med denne oppgaven er Ä undersÞke om ESG-rangering har en effekt pÄ risikojustert avkastning i et utvalg store, solide selskap. Utvalget bestÄr av de 100 stÞrste selskapene i Norges Bank Investment Management (NBIM) sin portefÞlje, mÄlt etter markedsverdi i perioden 2016-2020. For Ä sikre at vÄre data ikke blir styrt av teknologisektoren, har vi i tillegg til de 100 selskapene, valgt Ä danne ett nytt utvalg som ikke bestÄr av teknologiselskap. Hele utvalget blir videre delt inn i Þvre og nedre kvintil basert pÄ ESG-vurdering. Oppgaven opererer med tre portefÞljer, hele utvalget, Þvre kvintil og nedre kvintil. Oppgaven Þnsker Ä svare pÄ om ESG-vurdering har en effekt pÄ risikojustert avkastning i perioden 2016-2020 og under Covid-19. Dette gjÞres for Ä kunne drÞfte hvorvidt ESG kan brukes som et verktÞy til Ä velge ut aksjer bÄde ved "normale" tider og ved mer usikre tider. Til slutt Þnsker vi Ä svare pÄ om det finnes investeringsstrategier som baserer seg pÄ ESG-vurdering. Denne oppgaven finner at store, solide selskaper som blir vurdert lavt pÄ ESG, leverer de beste resultatene i perioden 2016-2020. Ved Ä bygge en portefÞlje basert pÄ disse selskapene, ville en investor oppnÄdd best avkastning i forhold til den risikoen som ble tatt. De samme resultatene finner vi i perioden 2019-2020. Det er fortsatt lavt rangerte ESG-selskap som oppnÄr hÞyest avkastning i forhold til risiko. Med alt tatt i betraktning tyder resultatene pÄ at lavt rangerte ESG-selskap gjorde det bedre enn bÄde referanseindeksen og hÞyt rangerte ESG-selskap i perioden 2016-2020, bÄde med og uten teknologiselskap. Investoren har ogsÄ i denne perioden fÄtt meravkastning ved Ä inkludere lavt rangerte ESG-selskaper i portefÞljen, uavhengig av utvalget. Men om dette skyltes tilfeldigheter er vanskelig Ä si noe om. Disse tilfeldighetene forsvinner derimot litt ved Ä utelukke teknologiselskapene. VÄre resultater gir nemlig en svak indikasjon pÄ at det tidligere har eksistert en strategi ved Ä investere i lavt rangerte ESG-selskap, som ikke inngÄr i teknologisektoren. NÄr det gjelder perioden 2019-2020, tyder ikke resultatene i vÄr studie pÄ at det eksisterte en investeringsstrategi, men resultatene indikerer at lavt rangerte ESG-selskap ogsÄ her gjorde det bedre enn bÄde referanseindeksen og hÞyt rangerte ESG-selskap. Det eksisterte imidlertid ingen signifikant meravkastning for noen av portefÞljene under COVID-19.The purpose of this thesis is to investigate whether ESG ranking has an effect on risk-adjusted returns in a selection of large, solid companies. The sample consists of the 100 largest companies in Norges Bank Investment Management (NBIM)'s portfolio, measured by market value in the period 2016-2020. To ensure that our data is not controlled by the technology sector, we have, in addition to the 100 companies, chosen to form a new sample that does not consist of technology companies. The entire sample is further divided into upper and lower quintiles based on their ESG assessment. The thesis operates with three portfolios, the entire range, upper quintile and lower quintile. This thesis wants to answer whether ESG assessment has an effect on risk-adjusted return in the period 2016-2020 and under Covid-19. This is done to be able to discuss whether ES G can be used as a tool to select shares both at "normal" times and at more uncertain times. Finally, we want to answer whether there are investment strategies based on ESG assessment. This thesis finds that large, solid companies with low ESG scores deliver the best results in the period 2016-2020. By building a portfolio based on these companies, an investor would achieve the best return in relation to the risk taken. We find the same results in the period 2019-2020. It is still low-ranked ESG companies that achieve the highest return in relation to risk. All things considered, the results indicate that low-ranked ESG companies outperformed both the benchmark index and high-ranked ESG companies in the period 2016-2020, both with and without technology companies. The investor has also received excess returns during this period by including low-ranked ESG companies in the portfolio, regardless of the sample. But whether this is due to coincidences is difficult to say anything about. However, these coincidences disappear a bit by excluding the technology companies. Our results give a weak indication that a strategy has previously existed by investing in low-ranked ESG companies, which are not part of the technology sector. Regarding the period 2019-2020, the results in our study do not indicate that there was an investment strategy, but the results indicate that low-ranked ESG companies also did better here than both the benchmark index and highranked ESG companies. However, there was no significant excess return for any of the portfolios during the corona pandemic.M-Ø

    Pregnancy experiences in type 1 diabetes

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    Prognostic significance of chronic myocardial injury diagnosed by three different cardiac troponin assays in patients admitted with suspected acute coronary syndrome

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    Objectives Chronic myocardial injury (CMI) is defined as stable concentrations of cardiac troponin T or I (cTnT or cTnI) above the assay-specific 99th percentile upper reference limit (URL) and signals poor outcome. The clinical implications of diagnosing CMI are unclear. We aimed to assess prevalence and association of CMI with long-term prognosis using three different high-sensitivity cTn (hs-cTn) assays. Methods A total of 1,292 hospitalized patients without acute myocardial injury had cTn concentrations quantified by hs-cTn assays by Roche Diagnostics, Abbott Diagnostics and Siemens Healthineers. The median follow-up time was 4.1 years. The prevalence of CMI and hazard ratios for mortality and cardiovascular (CV) events were calculated based on the URL provided by the manufacturers and compared to the prognostic accuracy when lower percentiles of cTn (97.5, 95 or 90), limit of detection or the estimated bioequivalent concentrations between assays were used as cutoff values. Results There was no major difference in prognostic accuracy between cTnT and cTnI analyzed as continuous variables. The correlation between cTnT and cTnI was high (r=0.724–0.785), but the cTnT assay diagnosed 3.9–4.5 times more patients with having CMI based on the sex-specific URLs (TnT, n=207; TnI Abbott, n=46, TnI Siemens, n=53) and had higher clinical sensitivity and AUC at the URL. Conclusions The prevalence of CMI is highly assay-dependent. cTnT and cTnI have similar prognostic accuracy for mortality or CV events when measured as continuous variables. However, a CMI diagnosis according to cTnT has higher prognostic accuracy compared to a CMI diagnosis according to cTnI.publishedVersio

    Growth Differentiation Factor 15: A Prognostic Marker in Patients with Acute Chest Pain without Acute Myocardial Infarction

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    Background Acute chest pain is associated with an increased risk of death and cardiovascular events even when acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has been excluded. Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is a strong prognostic marker in patients with acute chest pain and AMI, but the prognostic value in patients without AMI is uncertain. This study sought to investigate the ability of GDF-15 to predict long-term prognosis in patients presenting with acute chest pain without AMI. Methods In total, 1320 patients admitted with acute chest pain without AMI were followed for a median of 1523 days (range: 4 to 2208 days). The primary end point was all-cause mortality. Secondary end points included cardiovascular (CV) death, future AMI, heart failure hospitalization, and new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF). Results Higher concentrations of GDF-15 were associated with increased risk of death from all causes (median concentration in non-survivors vs survivors: 2124 pg/mL vs 852 pg/mL, P < 0.001), and all secondary end points. By multivariable Cox regression, GDF-15 concentration ≄4th quartile (compared to <4th quartile) remained an independent predictor of all-cause death (adjusted hazard ratio (HR): 2.75; 95% CI, 1.69–4.45, P < 0.001), CV death (adjusted HR: 3.74; 95% CI, 1.31–10.63, P = 0.013), and heart failure hospitalization (adjusted HR: 2.60; 95% CI, 1.11–6.06, P = 0.027). Adding GDF-15 to a model consisting of established risk factors and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) led to a significant increase in C-statistics for prediction of all-cause mortality. Conclusions Higher concentrations of GDF-15 were associated with increased risk of mortality from all causes and risk of future CV events.publishedVersio

    Predictors of long-term symptom burden and quality of life in patients hospitalised with chest pain: a prospective observational study

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    Objective: To describe the magnitude and predictors of symptom burden (SB) and quality of life (QoL) 3 months after hospital admission for acute chest pain. Design: Prospective observational study. Setting: Single centre, outpatient follow-up. Participants: 1506 patients. Outcomes: Scores reported for general health (RAND-12), angina-related health (Seattle Angina Questionnaire 7 (SAQ-7)) and dyspnoea (Rose Dyspnea Scale) 3 months after hospital admission for chest pain. Methods: A total of 1506 patients received questionnaires assessing general health (RAND-12), angina-related health (SAQ-7) and dyspnoea (Rose Dyspnea Scale) 3 months after discharge. Univariable and multivariable regression models identified predictors of SB and QoL scores. A mediator analysis identified factors mediating the effect of an unstable angina pectoris (UAP) diagnosis. Results: 774 (52%) responded. Discharge diagnoses were non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) (14.2%), UAP (17.1%), non-coronary cardiac disease (6.6%), non-cardiac disease (6.3%) and non-cardiac chest pain (NCCP) (55.6%). NSTEMI had the most favourable, and UAP patients the least favourable SAQ-7 scores (median SAQ7-summary; 88 vs 75, p±10%) of an UAP diagnosis for all SAQ-7 and RAND-12 outcomes. Conclusions: Patients with NSTEMI reported the most favourable outcome 3 months after hospitalisation for chest pain. Patients with other diseases, in particular UAP patients, reported lower scores. Revascularised NSTEMI and UAP patients reported higher QoL scores compared with patients receiving conservative treatment. Revascularisation mediated all outcomes in UAP patients.publishedVersio

    Diagnostic Performance of Novel Troponin Algorithms for the Rule-Out of Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome.

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    BACKGROUND: The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) rule-out algorithms use cutoffs optimized for exclusion of non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). We investigated these and several novel algorithms for the rule-out of non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) including less urgent coronary ischemia. METHOD: A total of 1504 unselected patients with suspected NSTE-ACS were included and divided into a derivation cohort (n = 988) and validation cohort (n = 516). The primary endpoint was the diagnostic performance to rule-out NSTEMI and unstable angina pectoris during index hospitalization. The secondary endpoint was combined MI, all-cause mortality (within 30 days) and urgent (24 h) revascularization. The ESC algorithms for high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) and I (hs-cTnI) were compared to different novel low-baseline (limit of detection), low-delta (based on the assay analytical and biological variation), and 0-1-h and 0-3-h algorithms. RESULTS: The prevalence of NSTE-ACS was 24.8%, 60.0% had noncardiac chest pain, and 15.2% other diseases. The 0-1/0-3-h algorithms had superior clinical sensitivity for the primary endpoint compared to the ESC algorithm (validation cohort); hs-cTnT: 95% vs 63%, and hs-cTnI: 87% vs 64%, respectively. Regarding the secondary endpoint, the algorithms had similar clinical sensitivity (100% vs 94%-96%) but lower clinical specificity (41%-19%) compared to the ESC algorithms (77%-74%). The rule-out rates decreased by a factor of 2-4. CONCLUSION: Low concentration/low-delta troponin algorithms improve the clinical sensitivity for a combined endpoint of NSTEMI and unstable angina pectoris, with the cost of a substantial reduction in total rule-out rate. There was no clear benefit compared to ESC for diagnosing high-risk events

    Destinasjon Lom

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    Gjennom denne oppgaven har vi undersÞkt hvordan destinasjonen Lom fungerer per dags dato, og videre forsÞkt Ä kartlegge hvor de ulike reiselivsaktÞrene selv mener potensialet for videreutvikling ligger. Som et utgangspunkt for vÄr oppgave valgte vi fÞlgende problemstilling: Hva kan gjÞres for Ä Þke destinasjonens konkurransekraft? I innledningen av oppgaven presenterer vi destinasjonen Lom, og et utvalg av de ulike attraksjonene, aktivitetene, restaurantene og overnattingsbedriftene som skaper reiselivsproduktet. Videre presenterer vi momenter fra de nasjonale og fylkeskommunale reiselivsstrategiene, da disse inneholder forslag om en endring i organisering som kan fÄ stor betydning for reiselivet i Lom. I likhet med en stor del av vÄrt teoretiske fundament beskriver de to reiselivsstrategiene samarbeid som et premiss i destinasjonsutviklingen, og av denne grunn har vi valgt Ä legge ekstra vekt pÄ hvordan samarbeid kan fungere som et virkemiddel ogsÄ i Lom. Innledningsvis i teoridelen presenteres destinasjonsutviklingsteori av Brent Ritchie og Geoffrey Crouch som baseres pÄ hvordan et reisemÄl best mulig kan benytte seg av sine foreliggende ressurser. Videre presenteres teori om hvilken rolle et destinasjonsselskap spiller pÄ et reisemÄl, og pÄ hvilken mÄte det eksisterer et avhengighetsforhold mellom destinasjonens ulike aktÞrer. Avslutningsvis i teoridelen ser vi pÄ hvordan dette avhengighetsforholdet kan fÞre til en bedre hÄndtering av destinasjonens foreliggende ressurser, og hvordan en destinasjon tuftet pÄ relasjoner og nettverk kan styrke konkurransekraften. Deretter startet jobben med Ä overfÞre teori til empiri, og her valgte vi en eksplorativ tilnÊrming i vÄr undersÞkelse av studieobjektet. Bakgrunnen for dette valget er at vi ikke hadde noen inngÄende kjennskap til reiselivet i Lom pÄ forhÄnd, og formÄlet med intervjuprosessen i denne oppgaven var i hovedsak Ä forstÄ og tolke de ulike aktÞrenes holdninger. Videre valgte vi et kvalitativt forskningsinstrument i form av individuelle dybdeintervju med et utvalg av destinasjonens reiselivsaktÞrer. Til disse intervjuene ble en intervjuguide utarbeidet for Ä skape en viss konsistens i intervjustrukturene og for Ä sikre at det teoretiske fundamentet ble overfÞrt til den metodiske og empiriske delen. Intervjuene med destinasjonens aktÞrer viste at disse hadde en svÊrt konsis forstÄelse av hva reisemÄlet og merkevaren Lom er, bÄde hva styrker og svakheter angÄr. Majoriteten av respondentene hadde klare tanker om hva som kunne gjÞres for Ä forbedre destinasjonens konkurransekraft i fremtiden, og var samtidig klare pÄ at samarbeid mellom aktÞrene ville vÊre en viktig forutsetning for mÄloppnÄelse. Flere av aktÞrene trakk imidlertid frem den pÄgÄende debatten rundt organisering av destinasjonsselskap som et usikkerhetsmoment som i stor grad kunne vÊre hindrende for utviklingen. Etter Ä ha analysert respondentenes uttalelser pÄbegynte vi prosessen med Ä konkludere vÄre viktigste funn og Ä utarbeide anbefalinger pÄ bakgrunn av aktÞrenes holdninger og tanker. En av vÄre viktigste konklusjoner og anbefalinger er at man snarest bÞr fÄ en avklaring rundt reisemÄlets fremtidige organisering, da dagens situasjon fungerer hindrende for utvikling av konkurransekraft. PÄ en annen side legger respondentenes holdninger og handlinger knyttet til samarbeid et sterkt fundament, og dette virkemiddelet bÞr brukes enda mer aktivt i fremtiden. Blant annet kan man med samarbeid som forutsetning klare Ä utvide besÞkssesongen, bruke de foreliggende ressursene mer effektivt og pÄ denne mÄten utvikle et enda sterkere reiselivsprodukt

    Old Sins Cast Long Shadows : Failed democratisation in Eritrea

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    In 1993, Eritrea achieved de jure independence and was perceived by the international community and the Eritrean population as Africa’s new hope as the leadership projected a rhetoric of multi-party elections, socio-economic development and human rights. Today, the country is one of the worst human rights violators, there is only one party allowed, and dissenters are thrown into prison and tortured without due process. The thesis attempts to answer the research question: why has Eritrea failed to democratise? It thoroughly goes through the dominant democratisation theories and uses an eclectic theory based on historical sociology, transition theory and post-conflict democratisation theory. It creates an alternative framework with the state, society and external relations as three analytical dimensions. The thesis concludes with stating that all three dimensions have contributed to the failure of democratisation in Eritrea and that it is only possible to understand how they have contributed by looking back in history to see how structures have affected the different agents
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